BackgroundThe Sensitivity to Threat and Affiliative Reward (STAR) model proposes low threat sensitivity and low affiliation as risk factors for callous‐unemotional (CU) traits. Preliminary evidence for the STAR model comes from work in early childhood. However, studies are needed that explore the STAR dimensions in late childhood and adolescence when severe conduct problems (CP) emerge. Moreover, it is unclear how variability across the full spectrum of threat sensitivity and affiliation gives rise to different forms of psychopathology beyond CU traits.MethodsThe current study addressed these gaps using parent‐ and child‐reported data from three waves and a sub‐study of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study® of 11,878 youth (48% female; ages 9–12).ResultsConsistent with the STAR model, low threat sensitivity and low affiliation were independently related to CU traits across informants and time. Moreover, there was significant interaction between the STAR dimensions, such that children with lower sensitivity to threat and lower affiliation had higher parent‐reported CU traits. Unlike CU traits, children with higher threat sensitivity had higher parent‐reported CP and anxiety. Finally, children with lower affiliation had higher parent‐reported CP, anxiety, and depression. Results largely replicated across informants and time, and sensitivity analysis revealed similar findings in children with and without DSM‐5 defined CP.ConclusionsResults support the STAR model hypotheses as they pertain to CU traits and delineate threat sensitivity and affiliation as independent transdiagnostic risk factors for different types of psychopathology. Future research is needed to develop fuller and more reliable and valid measures of affiliation and threat sensitivity across multiple assessment modalities.

中文翻译：

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评估与青春期早期行为问题和冷酷无情特征的发展相关的威胁和归属奖励（STAR）模型的敏感性

背景威胁敏感度和归属奖励（STAR）模型提出，低威胁敏感度和低归属感是冷酷无情（CU）特征的危险因素。STAR 模型的初步证据来自幼儿期的工作。然而，需要进行研究来探索儿童晚期和青春期出现严重行为问题 (CP) 时的 STAR 维度。此外，目前尚不清楚威胁敏感性和隶属关系的整个范围内的变异性如何引起 CU 特征之外的不同形式的精神病理学。方法当前的研究使用来自三波的父母和儿童报告的数据以及一项子研究来解决这些差距。对 11,878 名青少年（48% 女性；9-12 岁）进行的青少年大脑认知发展研究®。结果与 STAR 模型一致，低威胁敏感度和低归属感与不同受访者和时间的 CU 特征独立相关。此外，STAR 维度之间存在显着的交互作用，因此对威胁敏感度较低且归属感较低的儿童具有较高的父母报告的 CU 特征。与 CU 特征不同，具有 CU 特征的儿童更高威胁敏感性具有较高的家长报告的 CP 和焦虑。最后，父母报告的亲和力较低的儿童的 CP、焦虑和抑郁程度较高。结果在很大程度上在不同的受访者和时间之间得到了重复，敏感性分析显示，在患有和不患有 DSM-5 定义的 CP 的儿童中也有类似的发现。结论结果支持 STAR 模型假设，因为它们与 CU 特征有关，并将威胁敏感性和隶属关系描述为不同疾病的独立跨诊断风险因素。精神病理学的类型。未来的研究需要开发更全面、更可靠、更有效的跨多种评估模式的隶属关系和威胁敏感性衡量标准。