Forced wage labour (FWL) in colonial‐era Portuguese Africa came to encompass a majority of working age men and persisted until the early 1960s. On the basis of reconstructed financial records from the Sena Sugar Estates in today's Mozambique, we estimate the long‐run profitability of the firm. With this we associate rates of extraction from native labour, defined as the difference between actual levels of remuneration and those under counterfactual freer market conditions. We estimate that coercion suppressed workers’ remuneration by about two‐fifths, representing a significant cost saving to the firm. However, a production function analysis indicates that coercion also negatively affected productivity. Using these results, we calculate that the firm's profitability might have remained broadly robust without FWL. This suggests other factors, including fiscal imperatives and technological factors, likely contributed to the persistence of labour coercion in Mozambique.

中文翻译：

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葡属非洲的企业盈利能力和强迫工资劳动：来自塞纳糖业庄园的证据，1920-74

殖民时代葡属非洲的强迫工资劳动 (FWL) 涵盖了大多数适龄劳动男性，并一直持续到 20 世纪 60 年代初。根据当今莫桑比克塞纳糖业庄园重建的财务记录，我们估计了该公司的长期盈利能力。我们将这一点与当地劳动力的抽取率联系起来，即实际薪酬水平与反事实的自由市场条件下的薪酬水平之间的差异。我们估计，强制措施将工人的薪酬抑制了约五分之二，这为公司节省了巨大的成本。然而，生产函数分析表明，强制也对生产率产生负面影响。根据这些结果，我们计算出，如果没有 FWL，公司的盈利能力可能仍然保持强劲。这表明其他因素，包括财政要求和技术因素，可能导致莫桑比克劳工强迫现象的持续存在。