This article examines how collective bargaining through unions and workplace codetermination through works councils relate to labor market imperfections and how labor market imperfections relate to employer wage premia. Based on representative German plant data for the years 1999–2016, the authors document that 70% of employers pay wages below the marginal revenue product of labor and 30% pay wages above that level. Findings further show that the prevalence of wage markdowns is significantly smaller when organized labor is present, and that the ratio of wages to the marginal revenue product of labor is significantly larger. Finally, the authors document a close link between labor market imperfections and mean employer wage premia, that is, wage differences between employers corrected for worker sorting.

中文翻译：

---

有组织的劳动力、劳动力市场不完善和雇主工资溢价

本文探讨了通过工会进行的集体谈判和通过劳资委员会进行的工作场所共同决策如何与劳动力市场不完善相关，以及劳动力市场不完善如何与雇主工资溢价相关。根据 1999 年至 2016 年德国工厂的代表性数据，作者发现 70% 的雇主支付的工资低于劳动边际收入产品，30% 的雇主支付的工资高于该水平。研究结果进一步表明，当存在有组织的劳动力时，工资降价的普遍程度要小得多，而且工资与劳动边际收入产品的比率要大得多。最后，作者证明了劳动力市场不完善与雇主平均工资溢价之间的密切联系，即根据工人分类进行校正的雇主之间的工资差异。