Abstract

Patchy nanoparticles (PNPs) possess anisotropic surfaces that produce emergent directionalities in interactions. Manipulation of such surface complexities offers a powerful handle for control over interparticle spatial and orientational orderings, making PNPs an ideal class of nanoscale synthons for self-assembly. However, realization of PNPs with defined patch positions and geometries faces technical challenges related to the level of precision chemistry required to achieve the desired surface patterning. Here, we provide an in-depth review of state-of-the-art strategies available for PNP synthesis. We examine the experimental efforts made to synthesize PNPs, classifying advances based on different material types spanning organic and inorganic systems. We conclude by presenting barriers in PNP synthesis and highlighting ongoing theoretical efforts aimed at guiding experimental design and parameter selection for creating novel surface patterning on NPs.

Graphical abstract

中文翻译：

---

具有表面复杂性的片状纳米粒子，用于定向自组装

摘要

片状纳米颗粒（PNP）具有各向异性表面，可在相互作用中产生突现方向性。对这种表面复杂性的操纵为控制粒子间空间和方向排序提供了强大的手段，使 PNP 成为自组装的理想纳米级合成子。然而，实现具有确定的贴片位置和几何形状的 PNP 面临着与实现所需表面图案所需的精密化学水平相关的技术挑战。在这里，我们对可用于 PNP 合成的最先进策略进行了深入回顾。我们研究了合成 PNP 的实验工作，根据有机和无机系统的不同材料类型对进展进行分类。最后，我们提出了 PNP 合成中的障碍，并强调了正在进行的理论工作，旨在指导实验设计和参数选择，以在 NP 上创建新颖的表面图案。

图形概要