Butterworts ( L.) exhibit a widespread and highly discontinuous distribution in the American continents that host 87 species showing a high level of endemism. To increase our understanding of how such biogeographical patterns originated, we searched for areas of endemism and modelled the suitable habitats for three functional groups of species: temperate heterophyllous, tropical heterophyllous and homophyllous, including their respective geographic subgroups. This approach enabled us to analyse potential distribution changes over time, from the Last Interglacial to the present, and to compare range shifts with the current known distribution in the study area. Through an endemicity analysis, we identified three areas of endemism within the Neotropical region, encompassing two centres of endemism: the Antillean subregion and the Mexican Transition Zone. The models we developed demonstrated high accuracy in predicting the suitable habitats for each group (AUC = 0.906–0.982; TSS = 0.682–0.985). Different sets of bioclimatic variables played a significant role in influencing the potential distribution of functional groups, resulting in differential range shifts from the LIG to the present. Temperate heterophyllous and homophyllous species from southeastern North America, the Caribbean and northern South America experienced severe range contraction during the LGM. Conversely, tropical heterophyllous and homophyllous species from northern South America exhibited range expansion from the LGM to the present. Stable suitable habitats identified in Mexico and eastern Cuba throughout the analysed time periods were closely associated with the two centres of endemism, likely serving as refugia. In contrast, other suitable areas displaying climatic stability were not retrieved as current endemic-rich regions. Therefore, these centres of endemism represent key areas for the conservation of diversity in the Americas, as they can promote the survival of lineages under future climatic variations.

中文翻译：

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通过地方性和栖息地适宜性分析揭示美洲 Pinguicula L.（扁豆科）的生物地理模式

Butterworts (L.) 在美洲大陆上表现出广泛且高度不连续的分布，其中有 87 个物种，表现出高度的特有性。为了加深对这种生物地理模式起源的理解，我们寻找特有区域，并为三个功能性物种类群（温带异叶植物、热带异叶植物和同叶植物，包括它们各自的地理亚群）建立了合适的栖息地模型。这种方法使我们能够分析从末次间冰期到现在的潜在分布随时间的变化，并将范围变化与研究区域当前已知的分布进行比较。通过地方病分析，我们确定了新热带地区的三个地方病区域，包括两个地方病中心：安的列斯次区域和墨西哥过渡区。我们开发的模型在预测每个群体的适宜栖息地方面表现出很高的准确性（AUC = 0.906–0.982；TSS = 0.682–0.985）。不同的生物气候变量组在影响功能群的潜在分布方面发挥了重要作用，导致从 LIG 到现在的差异范围变化。北美洲东南部、加勒比地区和南美洲北部的温带异叶和同叶物种在末次盛冰期期间经历了严重的范围缩小。相反，南美洲北部的热带异叶和同叶物种从末次盛冰期至今表现出范围扩张。在整个分析的时间段内，在墨西哥和古巴东部发现的稳定的合适栖息地与这两个特有中心密切相关，很可能是避难所。相比之下，其他表现出气候稳定性的适宜地区并未被检索为当前流行区。因此，这些特有中心代表了美洲多样性保护的关键区域，因为它们可以促进谱系在未来气候变化下的生存。