The antagonistic relation between the two ways of reaching the top, i.e., dominance and prestige, has generally been accepted in recent decades. People perceive dominance as a “negative” trait that reduces the quantity of resources that should be allocated to individuals who exhibit such a trait. In contrast, prestige is viewed as a “positive” trait, that increases the appropriate amount of resources for such allocation. However, the situation is somewhat complicated because dominance and prestige can serve as different evaluative dimensions for the same person since that person could be esteemed for their expertise yet simultaneously critiqued to their assertive personality. This article first investigated how children aged 3- to 8-year-old weigh prestige and dominance when those traits coexist within individuals. The results of Study 1 revealed that children exhibited a developmental pattern of resource allocation, progressing from favoring the high-dominance to the low-dominance individual. Their theory of mind capacity predicted their preference for low-dominance individual. One professional prestige situation was also investigated which showed that children stably favor characters with high prestige. Children begin to distinguish between dominance and prestige in resource allocation at approximately 5 years. Study 2 further explored how 5- to 8-year-olds weigh the rewarding high-prestige individuals against compensating low-dominance individuals when these traits clash within the same person, which showed that children at this stage prioritize prestige rather than dominance. Taken together, these findings suggest that children are capable to differentiate between dominance and prestige as two distinct ways when perceiving social ranks.

中文翻译：

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支配地位和声望对儿童资源配置的影响：如果它们共存怎么办？

近几十年来，统治地位和声望这两种登上顶峰的方式之间的对立关系已被普遍接受。人们将支配地位视为一种“负面”特征，它减少了应该分配给表现出这种特征的个人的资源数量。相比之下，声望被视为一种“积极”特征，可以增加用于此类分配的适当资源量。然而，情况有些复杂，因为支配地位和声望可以作为同一个人的不同评价维度，因为这个人可能因其专业知识而受到尊重，但同时也会因其自信的个性而受到批评。本文首先调查了当这些特质同时存在于个人体内时，3 至 8 岁的儿童如何权衡威望和支配地位。研究一的结果表明，儿童表现出一种资源分配的发展模式，从偏爱高支配性个体到偏爱低支配性个体。他们的心理能力理论预测了他们对低支配力个体的偏好。还调查了一项职业声望情况，表明孩子们稳定地偏爱高声望的人物。儿童在大约 5 岁时开始区分资源分配中的主导地位和声望。研究2进一步探讨了当这些特质在同一个人身上发生冲突时，5至8岁的孩子如何权衡奖励性高声望个体和补偿性低支配性个体，这表明这个阶段的孩子优先考虑声望而不是支配性。总而言之，这些发现表明，儿童在感知社会等级时能够区分支配地位和声望这两种不同的方式。