The evolution of the stress-strain state and the relative density distribution throughout a porous workpiece in the two-stage hot forging process was studied. The primary stage involved hot deformation of a cylindrical preform with the application of force to its lateral surface to form an intermediate semi-finished product with a cross-section shaped as a truncated cone. Further deformation in the secondary stage involved hot forging of the conical workpiece into a prism. These process stages were simulated using the finite-element method with the DEFORM 2D/3D software package. The starting preform was a cylinder with uniformly distributed porosity throughout the volume. The simulation results revealed significant uneven strains ε_i across the workpiece following the primary process stage, leading to an area with increased strains ε_i concentrated near the upper punch. Conversely, the secondary process stage noticeably evened out the strain values across the forged workpiece. This occurred because the severe deformation area in the secondary process stage matched the stagnant area in the primary stage. The proposed two-stage deformation pattern achieved sufficiently high strains (1.3–1.7), allowing the production of forged materials with excellent mechanical properties.

研究了两阶段热锻造过程中整个多孔工件的应力应变状态的演变和相对密度分布。第一阶段涉及对圆柱形预成型件的侧面施加力使其热变形，形成横截面形状为截锥体的中间半成品。第二阶段的进一步变形涉及将圆锥形工件热锻成棱柱体。这些过程阶段是使用有限元方法和 DEFORM 2D/3D 软件包进行模拟的。起始预成型件是在整个体积内具有均匀分布的孔隙度的圆柱体。模拟结果显示，在初级加工阶段之后，工件上的应变 ε _i明显不均匀，导致应变 ε _i增加的区域集中在上冲头附近。相反，二次加工阶段明显使锻造工件上的应变值变得均匀。发生这种情况是因为二次加工阶段的严重变形区域与初级阶段的停滞区域相匹配。所提出的两阶段变形模式实现了足够高的应变（1.3-1.7），从而可以生产具有优异机械性能的锻造材料。