Purpose

Resistance and adverse consequences of albendazole (ABZ) in treating trichinellosis urged demand for secure and effective new drugs. The current study aimed to assess the effect of chitosan-coated lipid nano-combination with albendazole and miltefosine (MFS) in treating experimental murine trichinellosis and evaluating pathological and immunological changes of trichinellosis.

Materials and Methods

One hundred twenty Swiss albino mice were divided into six groups. Each group was subdivided into a and b subgroups based on the scarification time, which was 7- and 40-days post-infection (PI), respectively. The treatment efficacy was evaluated using parasitological, histopathological, serological (interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-4 serum levels), immunohistochemical (GATA3, glutathione peroxidase1 (GPX1) and caspase-3), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) methods.

Results

The most effective drug was nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) loaded with ABZ (G5), which showed the most significant reduction in adults and larval count (100% and 92.39%, respectively). The greatest amelioration in histopathological changes was reported in G4 treated with MFS. GATA3 and caspase-3 were significantly reduced in all treated groups. GPX1 was significantly increased in G6 treated with MFS + NLCs. The highest degenerative effects on adults and larvae by SEM were documented in G6.

Conclusion

Loading ABZ or MFS on chitosan-coated NLCs enhanced their efficacy against trichinellosis. Although ABZ was better than MFS, their combination should be considered as MFS caused a significant reduction in the intensity of infection. Furthermore, MFS showed anti-inflammatory (↓GATA3) and antiapoptotic effects (↓caspase-3), especially in the muscular phase. Also, when loaded with NLCS, it showed an antioxidant effect (↑GPX1).

Graphical abstract

中文翻译：

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壳聚糖包被脂质纳米组合与米替福辛和阿苯达唑治疗小鼠旋毛虫病的评价：免疫学和免疫组织化学参数评估的实验研究

目的

阿苯达唑（ABZ）在治疗旋毛虫病中的耐药性和不良后果迫切需要安全有效的新药。本研究旨在评估壳聚糖包被的脂质纳米组合物与阿苯达唑和米替福辛（MFS）治疗实验性小鼠旋毛虫病的效果，并评估旋毛虫病的病理和免疫学变化。

材料和方法

一百二十只瑞士白化病小鼠被分为六组。根据划痕时间（分别为感染后 7 天和 40 天），每组又分为 a 和 b 亚组。使用寄生虫学、组织病理学、血清学（白细胞介素（IL）-12和IL-4血清水平）、免疫组织化学（GATA3、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶1（GPX1）和caspase-3）以及扫描电子显微镜（SEM）方法评估治疗效果。

结果

最有效的药物是载有 ABZ (G5) 的纳米结构脂质载体 (NLC)，其对成虫和幼虫数量的减少最为显着（分别为 100% 和 92.39%）。据报道，用 MFS 治疗的 G4 中组织病理学变化有最大改善。所有治疗组中 GATA3 和 caspase-3 均显着减少。在用 MFS + NLC 处理的 G6 中，GPX1 显着增加。SEM 记录了 G6 对成虫和幼虫的最高退化影响。

结论

在壳聚糖包被的 NLC 上负载 ABZ 或 MFS 增强了其对抗旋毛虫病的功效。尽管ABZ优于MFS，但应考虑将它们联合使用，因为MFS导致感染强度显着降低。此外，MFS 显示出抗炎 (↓GATA3) 和抗凋亡作用 (↓caspase-3)，特别是在肌肉阶段。此外，当负载 NLCS 时，它显示出抗氧化作用 (↑GPX1)。

图形概要