This study aims to investigate the diffusion stabilization process of nano-Co2O3 during the non-precursor transformation of 3Y-TZP. 3Y-TZP was set as the control group, and the experimental groups were 0.1–0.3 mol% nano-Co2O3-doped 3Y-TZP. The samples were prepared by the ball milling process, isostatic cool pressing, and sintering. All samples were hydrothermally treated at 134°C and 2 bar for different time periods. The resistance to low-temperature degradation of nano-Co2O3-doped 3Y-TZP was analyzed by X-ray diffraction. The microstructure of zirconia ceramic samples was determined by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and electron paramagnetic resonance studies. The addition of nano-Co2O3 into 3Y-TZP resulted in higher hydrothermal aging resistance than 3Y-TZP. The addition of 0.2 mol% nano-Co2O3 dopants resulted in the highest hydrothermal aging resistance among nano-Co2O3-doped 3Y-TZP ceramics. The grain sizes of 3Y-0.2Co are smaller than those in the control group. With the increase of cobaltous oxide doping contents, the segregation of Co3+ ions at the crystal boundary increased. The content of oxygen vacancies on the surface of the sample increased with the increase of the Co2O3 doping content. The oxygen vacancy concentrations of 3Y-0.2Co increased obviously after aging. 3Y-0.1Co, 3Y-0.3Co, and the control showed decreased oxygen vacancy concentrations after aging. Trivalent element doping of 3Y-TZP effectively improved the aging resistance of 3Y-TZP. The addition of 0.2 mol% nano-Co2O3 resulted in the highest hydrothermal aging resistance. Improved aging resistance is attributed to the nano-Co2O3 doping resulting in the 3Y-TZP grain size inhibition, grain boundary segregation of cobalt ions, and oxygen vacancy maintenance. This work is expected to provide an effective reference for the development and application of budget dental materials by regulating grain boundary engineering.

中文翻译：

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晶界偏析和氧空位湮灭对生物医学用氧化钴掺杂3Y-TZP陶瓷耐老化性的影响

本研究旨在研究纳米Co的扩散稳定过程2氧3在 3Y-TZP 的非前体转化过程中。以3Y-TZP为对照组，实验组为0.1~0.3 mol%纳米Co2氧3掺杂3Y-TZP。样品通过球磨工艺、等静压冷压和烧结制备。所有样品均在 134°C 和 2 bar 下进行不同时间的水热处理。纳米Co的耐低温降解性2氧3通过X射线衍射分析掺杂的3Y-TZP。通过扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、原子力显微镜和电子顺磁共振研究确定了氧化锆陶瓷样品的微观结构。添加纳米Co2氧33Y-TZP 的耐水热老化性能比 3Y-TZP 更高。添加0.2mol%纳米Co2氧3掺杂剂导致纳米钴中最高的耐水热老化性能2氧3掺杂3Y-TZP陶瓷。 3Y-0.2Co的晶粒尺寸小于对照组。随着氧化钴掺杂量的增加，Co的偏析3+晶界离子增加。样品表面氧空位含量随着Co含量的增加而增加2氧3掺杂含量。 3Y-0.2Co老化后氧空位浓度明显增加。 3Y-0.1Co、3Y-0.3Co和对照在老化后表现出氧空位浓度降低。 3Y-TZP的三价元素掺杂有效提高了3Y-TZP的耐老化性能。添加0.2mol%纳米Co2氧3产生最高的耐水热老化性能。改善的耐老化性能归功于纳米钴2氧3掺杂导致 3Y-TZP 晶粒尺寸抑制、钴离子晶界偏析和氧空位维持。该工作有望通过调控晶界工程为廉价牙科材料的开发和应用提供有效参考。