Abstract. During the Quaternary, ice sheets experienced several retreat-advanced cycles, strongly influencing climate patterns. In order to properly simulate these phenomena, it is preferable to use physics-based models instead of parameterizations to estimate surface mass balance (SMB) which has a strong influence on the ice sheet evolution. To further investigate the potential of these SMB models, this work evaluates BESSI (BErgen Snow Simulator), a multi-layer snow model with high computational efficiency, as an alternative to providing SMB for paleo studies. First, we validate the snow model using the regional climate model MAR (Modèle Atmosphérique Régional) as forcing and reference for the present-day climate over Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets. The evolution of SMB over the Last Interglacial period (LIG) (130–116 kaBP) is computed by forcing BESSI with transient climate forcing obtained from an Earth system model iLOVECLIM for both ice sheets. For present-day climate conditions, BESSI exhibits good performance compared to MAR despite a much simpler model set-up. The model also captures well the variation of SMB and its components during the LIG. Compared to the current simple melt estimation scheme of iLOVECLIM (ITM), BESSI is able to capture different SMB patterns for two particular ice sheet climate conditions thanks to its higher physical constraints while ITM displays a strong sensitivity to its parameters and input fields (temperature). The findings suggest that BESSI can provide more reliable SMB estimations for the iLOVECLIM framework to improve the model simulations of the ice sheet evolution and interactions with climate.

中文翻译：

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使用多层雪模型改进 iLOVECLIM（版本 1.1）：末次间冰期期间的表面质量平衡演变

摘要。在第四纪期间，冰盖经历了几次退缩-前进循环，强烈影响气候模式。为了正确模拟这些现象，最好使用基于物理的模型而不是参数化来估计对冰盖演化有很大影响的表面质量平衡（SMB）。为了进一步研究这些 SMB 模型的潜力，这项工作评估了 BESSI（BErgen Snow Simulator），一种具有高计算效率的多层雪模型，作为为古研究提供 SMB 的替代方案。首先，我们使用区域气候模型 MAR（Modèle Atmosphérique Régional）作为格陵兰岛和南极冰盖当前气候的强迫和参考来验证雪模型。末次间冰期 (LIG) (130–116 kaBP) 中 SMB 的演化是通过使用从两个冰盖的地球系统模型i LOVECLIM 获得的瞬态气候强迫来强迫 BESSI 来计算的。对于当今的气候条件，尽管模型设置简单得多，但与 MAR 相比，BESSI 仍表现出良好的性能。该模型还很好地捕捉了 LIG 期间 SMB 及其组件的变化。与i LOVECLIM（ITM）当​​前简单的融化估计方案相比，BESSI由于其更高的物理约束而能够捕获两种特定冰盖气候条件的不同SMB模式，而ITM对其参数和输入字段（温度）表现出很强的敏感性）。研究结果表明，BESSI 可以为i LOVECLIM 框架提供更可靠的 SMB 估计，以改进冰盖演化及其与气候相互作用的模型模拟。