Due to excellent biocompatibility, bioactivities, and osteoconductivity, hydroxyapatite (HAp) is considered as one of the most suitable biomaterials for numerous biomedical applications. Herein, HAp was fabricated using a bottom-up approach, i.e., a wet chemical method, and its composites with TiC, h-BN, and ZrO₂ were fabricated by a solid-state reaction method with enhanced mechanical and biological performances. Structural, surface morphology, and mechanical behavior of the fabricated composites were characterized using various characterization techniques. Furthermore, transmission electron microscopy study revealed a randomly oriented rod-like morphology, with the length and width of these nanorods ranging from 78 to 122 and from 9 to 13 nm. Moreover, the mechanical characterizations of the composite HZBT4 (80HAp–10TiC–5h-BN–5ZrO₂) reveal a very high compressive strength (246 MPa), which is comparable to that of the steel (250 MPa), fracture toughness (14.78 MPa m^1/2), and Young’s modulus (1.02 GPa). In order to check the biocompatibility of the composites, numerous biological tests were also performed on different body organs of healthy adult Sprague-Dawley rats. This study suggests that the composite HZBT4 could not reveal any significant influence on the hematological, serum biochemical, and histopathological parameters. Hence, the fabricated composite can be used for several biological applications, such as bone implants, bone grafting, and bone regeneration.

中文翻译：

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新型 3D 纳米复合材料 HAp-TiC-h-BN-ZrO2 的制造：增强机械性能和生物医学应用的体内毒性研究

由于具有优异的生物相容性、生物活性和骨传导性，羟基磷灰石（HAp）被认为是最适合众多生物医学应用的生物材料之一。在此，HAp采用自下而上的方法，即湿化学法制备，其与TiC、h-BN和ZrO ₂的复合材料通过固态反应方法制备，具有增强的机械和生物性能。使用各种表征技术对所制造的复合材料的结构、表面形态和机械行为进行了表征。此外，透射电子显微镜研究揭示了随机定向的棒状形态，这些纳米棒的长度和宽度范围为 78 至 122 和 9 至 13 nm。此外，复合材料HZBT4（80HAp-10TiC-5h-BN-5ZrO ₂ ）的机械特性显示出非常高的抗压强度（246 MPa），与钢（250 MPa）相当，断裂韧性（14.78 MPa） m ^1/2）和杨氏模量（1.02 GPa）。为了检查复合材料的生物相容性，还对健康成年 Sprague-Dawley 大鼠的不同身体器官进行了大量的生物学测试。本研究表明复合 HZBT4 无法揭示对血液学、血清生化和组织病理学参数的任何显着影响。因此，所制造的复合材料可用于多种生物应用，例如骨植入、骨移植和骨再生。