The indirect-heated calcium carbonate looping (IH-CCL) process is an advanced carbon capture technology. It eliminates the need of an energy-intensive air separation unit that is required in the conventional oxy-fired calcium carbonate looping process, thereby potentially leading to lower energy consumption and cost. The IH-CCL process has not been well studied for application in the existing cement industry with minimized modification to the current plant. This paper presents a techno-economic feasibility assessment of retrofitting IH-CCL into an existing cement plant to better understand the CO emission reduction, energy performance, and economic costs. Solid waste-derived fuel (SWDF) containing 90–95% of wood is burnt for pre-calcination. Thermal coal is applied in the rotary kiln at which clinker is formed at a higher temperature. A model for process simulation using Aspen Plus and techno-economic analysis was established to supply options to the current cement plant based on different targets in CO capture (>80%) and the capital cost. Three integration scenarios, including the downstream integration, tail-end integration, and the full integration, were analyzed. A sensitivity analysis of the cost of CO avoided (CCA) was also performed, which revealed that the IH-CCL tail-end integration is recommended for retrofitting to existing cement plants due to the lowest CCA and very minor impact on the existing cement manufacture process. It was also concluded that although the full integration scenario offers the lowest specific primary energy consumption for CO avoided (SPECCA) and clinker cost, it may better suit greenfield cement plants as this option requires significant modifications.

中文翻译：

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对现有水泥厂采用煤炭和生物质作为燃料改造间接加热钙循环以捕获二氧化碳的技术经济评估

间接加热碳酸钙循环（IH-CCL）工艺是一种先进的碳捕获技术。它消除了传统氧烧碳酸钙循环工艺所需的能源密集型空气分离装置的需要，从而可能降低能耗和成本。 IH-CCL 工艺尚未在现有水泥行业中得到充分研究，且对现有工厂的改造最少。本文提出了对现有水泥厂改造 IH-CCL 的技术经济可行性评估，以更好地了解二氧化碳减排量、能源性能和经济成本。燃烧含有 90-95% 木材的固体废物衍生燃料 (SWDF) 进行预煅烧。动力煤应用于回转窑，熟料在较高温度下形成。使用 Aspen Plus 和技术经济分析建立了过程模拟模型，根据 CO 捕集（>80%）和资本成本的不同目标为当前水泥厂提供选择。分析了下游集成、尾端集成和全集成三种集成场景。还对避免二氧化碳 (CCA) 的成本进行了敏感性分析，结果表明，由于 CCA 最低且对现有水泥生产工艺的影响非常小，建议对现有水泥厂进行 IH-CCL 尾端集成改造。还得出的结论是，虽然完全整合方案提供了最低的二氧化碳避免特定一次能源消耗 (SPECCA) 和熟料成本，但它可能更适合新建水泥厂，因为该选项需要进行重大修改。