Carbon dioxide capture and storage in subsurface geological formations is a potential solution to limit anthropogenic CO emissions and combat global warming. Depleted gas fields offer significant CO storage volumes; however, injection of CO into these reservoirs poses some potential challenges for the injectivity, containment and well/facility integrity due to low temperatures caused by isenthalpic expansion of CO. A key injectivity risk is due to possible formation of hydrates at the low expected temperatures. This study aims to address main causes of CO hydrate formation and its impact on permeability of porous media. This review highlights the current state of knowledge in the literature while emphasizing the need to bridge existing gaps in derisking CO injection into (depleted) low-pressure gas reservoirs. In summary, according to the existing literature, the potential for hydrate formation is assessed to be credible. Current industry solutions exist to manage this risk; however, they are costly and energy intensive. Future research will be needed to provide capabilities to manage this risk more efficiently.

中文翻译：

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枯竭气田 CO2 储存过程中 CO2 水合物对注入能力的影响：文献综述

在地下地质构造中捕获和储存二氧化碳是限制人为二氧化碳排放和应对全球变暖的潜在解决方案。枯竭的气田提供了大量的二氧化碳储存量；然而，由于二氧化碳等焓膨胀引起的低温，向这些储层注入二氧化碳对注入能力、密封性和井/设施完整性带来了一些潜在的挑战。关键的注入风险是由于在较低的预期温度下可能形成水合物。本研究旨在解决二氧化碳水合物形成的主要原因及其对多孔介质渗透性的影响。本综述强调了文献中的当前知识状况，同时强调需要弥合现有差距，以消除将二氧化碳注入（枯竭的）低压气藏的风险。综上所述，根据现有文献，水合物形成潜力评估是可信的。当前的行业解决方案可以管理这种风险；然而，它们成本高昂且能源密集。未来的研究需要提供更有效地管理这种风险的能力。