In this review, we discuss the definition, prevalence, and etiology of sporadic multiglandular disease (MGD), with an emphasis on its preoperative and intraoperative predictors. Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is the third-most common endocrine disorder, and multiglandular parathyroid disease (MGD) is a cause of PHPT. Hereditary MGD can be definitively diagnosed with detailed family history and genetic testing, whereas sporadic MGD presents a greater challenge in clinical practice, and parathyroidectomy for MGD is associated with a higher risk of surgical failure than single gland disease (SGD). Therefore, it is crucial to be able to predict the presence of sporadic MGD in a timely manner, either preoperatively or intraoperatively. Various predictive methods cannot accurately identify all cases of sporadic MGD, but they can greatly optimize the management of MGD diagnosis and treatment and optimize the cure rate. Future research will urge us to investigate more integrative predictive models as well as increase our understanding of MGD pathogenesis.

在这篇综述中，我们讨论了散发性多腺体疾病 (MGD) 的定义、患病率和病因，重点关注其术前和术中预测因素。原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症 (PHPT) 是第三大常见内分泌疾病，多腺性甲状旁腺疾病 (MGD) 是 PHPT 的病因。遗传性 MGD 可以通过详细的家族史和基因检测来明确诊断，而散发性 MGD 在临床实践中提出了更大的挑战，并且与单腺疾病 (SGD) 相比，MGD 甲状旁腺切除术与手术失败的风险更高。因此，能够在术前或术中及时预测散发性 MGD 的存在至关重要。各种预测方法无法准确识别所有散发性MGD病例，但可以极大优化MGD诊疗管理，优化治愈率。未来的研究将促使我们研究更综合的预测模型，并增加我们对 MGD 发病机制的理解。