In recent years, the scientific community has begun tо explore the efficacy оf an integrated neurofeedback + biofeedback approach іn various conditions, both pathological and non-pathological. Although several studies have contributed valuable insights into its potential benefits, this review aims tо further investigate its effectiveness by synthesizing current findings and identifying areas for future research. Our goal іs tо provide a comprehensive overview that may highlight gaps іn the existing literature and propose directions for subsequent studies. The search for articles was conducted on the digital databases PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Studies to have used the integrated neurofeedback + biofeedback approach published between 2014 and 2023 and reviews to have analyzed the efficacy of neurofeedback and biofeedback, separately, related to the same time interval and topics were selected. The search identified five studies compatible with the objectives of the review, related to several conditions: nicotine addiction, sports performance, Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The integrated neurofeedback + biofeedback approach has been shown to be effective in improving several aspects of these conditions, such as a reduction in the presence of psychiatric symptoms, anxiety, depression, and withdrawal symptoms and an increase in self-esteem in smokers; improvements in communication, imitation, social/cognitive awareness, and social behavior in ASD subjects; improvements in attention, alertness, and reaction time in sports champions; and improvements in attention and inhibitory control in ADHD subjects. Further research, characterized by greater methodological rigor, is therefore needed to determine the effectiveness of this method and the superiority, if any, of this type of training over the single administration of either. This review іs intended tо serve as a catalyst for future research, signaling promising directions for the advancement оf biofeedback and neurofeedback methodologies.

中文翻译：

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综合使用生物反馈和神经反馈技术治疗病理状况和提高表现：叙述性回顾

近年来，科学界开始探索综合神经反馈+生物反馈方法在各种病理和非病理条件下的功效。尽管多项研究对其潜在益处提供了有价值的见解，但本次综述旨在通过综合当前研究结果并确定未来研究领域来进一步研究其有效性。我们的目标是提供全面的概述，突出现有文献中的差距并为后续研究提出方向。文章搜索是在数字数据库 PubMed、Scopus 和 Web of Science 上进行的。选择了 2014 年至 2023 年间发表的使用综合神经反馈 + 生物反馈方法的研究以及与相同时间间隔和主题相关的分别分析神经反馈和生物反馈功效的评论。检索确定了五项与审查目标相符的研究，涉及多种疾病：尼古丁成瘾、运动表现、自闭症谱系障碍 (ASD) 和注意力缺陷多动障碍 (ADHD)。综合神经反馈+生物反馈方法已被证明可以有效改善这些状况的多个方面，例如减少吸烟者的精神症状、焦虑、抑郁和戒断症状以及增加自尊；自闭症谱系障碍受试者的沟通、模仿、社会/认知意识和社会行为方面的改善；提高体育冠军的注意力、警觉性和反应时间；以及多动症受试者注意力和抑制控制的改善。因此，需要以更严格的方法学为特征的进一步研究，以确定这种方法的有效性以及这种类型的培训相对于单一管理的优越性（如果有的话）。这篇综述旨在成为未来研究的催化剂，为生物反馈和神经反馈方法的进步指明有希望的方向。