Abstract

The space debris in Earth’s orbit has increased drastically due to the failure of spacecraft, rocket bodies, and mission-related objects. These objects in orbit increase the space waste and challenge other flying objects such as spacecraft. A hypervelocity impact of space debris on spacecraft structures can have a range of effects (mechanical damage and functional failure), raising significant concerns about spacecraft safety. This paper reviews the different studies on the performance and development of the Whipple shield against the hypervelocity impact of space debris. The study focuses on the impact mechanism, dynamic Fragmentation of materials, strength models, Equation of state, characteristics, and model of the debris cloud. The strength models (Steinberg–Guinan and Johnson–Cook) and Mie–Gruneisen equation of state, primarily used for hypervelocity impact applications, are thoroughly covered in this study. The study also reported the various experimental and numerical techniques for high and hypervelocity impact. The study concluded that mesh-based, mesh-free, and hybrid finite element methods are reliable for analyzing Whipple shield targets to resist hypervelocity impact. The study also observed that the two-stage light gas gun technique investigates most experimental analyses of hypervelocity impact on the Whipple shield. Alongside reviewing the abovementioned aspects, this paper also underlines the future scope of study in this paradigm. The authors strongly believe that this study provides more insights into the fundamentals and perceptions of the Whipple shield to protect the spacecraft against the hypervelocity impact of space debris.

中文翻译：

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保护惠普尔防护罩免受空间碎片超高速撞击的保护：综述

摘要

由于航天器、火箭本体和任务相关物体的故障，地球轨道上的空间碎片急剧增加。这些在轨道上的物体增加了空间浪费，并对航天器等其他飞行物体构成挑战。空间碎片对航天器结构的超高速撞击可能会产生一系列影响（机械损坏和功能故障），引起人们对航天器安全的严重担忧。本文回顾了针对空间碎片超高速撞击的惠普尔防护罩的性能和发展的不同研究。研究重点是冲击机理、材料的动态破碎、强度模型、状态方程、碎片云的特征和模型。本研究全面涵盖了主要用于超高速撞击应用的强度模型（Steinberg-Guinan 和 Johnson-Cook）和 Mie-Gruneisen 状态方程。该研究还报告了用于高速和超高速撞击的各种实验和数值技术。研究得出结论，基于网格、无网格和混合有限元方法对于分析惠普尔盾体目标抵抗超高速冲击是可靠的。该研究还观察到，两级轻气枪技术研究了惠普尔护罩超高速撞击的大多数实验分析。除了回顾上述方面之外，本文还强调了该范式未来的研究范围。作者坚信，这项研究为惠普尔防护罩的基本原理和认知提供了更多见解，以保护航天器免受空间碎片的超高速撞击。