Emerging economies continue to exhibit notable growth rates in material consumption. This research employs the Stock-Flow-Service (SFS) nexus to evaluate the use of resources in providing shelter, thermal comfort, and transport services in Vietnam from 2004 to 2019. The investigation encompasses material stocks and flows involved in expanding and maintaining residential buildings, roads, key household products, and vehicles. We quantify energy flows and emissions associated with shelter, thermal comfort, and road transportation. Further, we analyze various indicators illustrating the relations between stocks, flows, and services. Results reveal a significant stock increase, with most material inflows used for expansion rather than maintenance. Notably, there was an increase in material intensity from 1050 to 1400 kg/m for shelter and from 4.0 to 7.5 kg/pop-cooling-degree-days for thermal comfort services. Conversely, the stock intensity for transportation services decreased from 86 to 43 kg/freight-km equivalent. Energy and emission intensities grew 23- and 32-fold, respectively. These escalating intensities add pressure to the existing sustainability challenges, underlining the urgent need for reevaluation and intervention. Moreover, the findings underscore the interdependencies of different material stocks in delivering multiple services, shedding light on potential environmental trade-offs between energy and materials. This research provides valuable insights into Vietnam's sustainability policies and contributes to national resource assessments, emphasizing the importance of balancing socioeconomic development with environmental responsibility for a sustainable future.

中文翻译：

---

新兴经济体的物质服务：跟踪越南住房、热舒适度和道路交通的资源利用

新兴经济体的物质消费继续呈现显着增长。本研究采用库存-流量-服务 (SFS) 关系来评估 2004 年至 2019 年越南在提供住房、热舒适和交通服务方面的资源使用情况。调查涵盖了住宅建筑扩建和维护所涉及的材料库存和流量、道路、主要家居产品和车辆。我们量化与住房、热舒适度和道路交通相关的能量流和排放。此外，我们还分析了说明存量、流量和服务之间关系的各种指标。结果显示库存显着增加，大部分材料流入用于扩张而不是维护。值得注意的是，住房的材料强度从 1050 公斤/平方米增加到 1400 公斤/平方米，热舒适服务的材料强度从 4.0 公斤/流行冷却度天增加到 7.5 公斤/平方米。相反，运输服务的库存强度从 86 公斤/货运公里当量下降至 43 公斤/货运公里当量。能源和排放强度分别增长了 23 倍和 32 倍。这些不断升级的强度给现有的可持续发展挑战增加了压力，凸显了重新评估和干预的迫切需要。此外，研究结果强调了不同材料库存在提供多种服务时的相互依赖性，揭示了能源和材料之间潜在的环境权衡。这项研究为越南的可持续发展政策提供了宝贵的见解，并有助于国家资源评估，强调平衡社会经济发展与环境责任对可持续未来的重要性。