Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have become the subject of much discussion in the photovoltaic field due to their excellent performance over the past few years. This study presents the production, characterization, and simulation of Al-doped ZnO (AZO) as an electron transport layer (ETL) at a concentration of 1% in organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSC). We experimentally elaborate the AZO thin films using the sol-gel dip-coating method. We further examined the resulting film for structural, morphological, and optical properties for use in solar cells (SCs), using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and UV–visible spectroscopy. Furthermore, this work presents an optimization process led by simulation that generates high performance using CNTs, CHNHPbI and AZO as a hole transport layer (HTL), absorber layer, and ETL respectively in solar cells using SCAPS 1D software. We have carefully examined the impact of several parameters, including the layer thicknesses, temperature, defect density of the absorber layer, defect density at interfaces between AZO and perovskite and perovskite and CNTs, and series and shunt resistances (R and R). An optimized PSC of ITO/AZO/MAPbI/CNTs/Au is designed here with an efficiency of 25.62%, open-circuit voltage (V) of 1.3955 V, fill factor (FF) of 72.32%, and current density (J) of 25.382 mA/cm. Our findings provide a remarkable efficiency using the proposed model; nevertheless, as researchers, we still need to simulate and conduct experiments to increase the cell's efficiency to potentially use it in solar cells(SCs).

中文翻译：

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使用Al掺杂ZnO作为电子传输层和CNT作为空穴传输层提高有机-无机杂化钙钛矿电池的效率：实验和数值研究

钙钛矿太阳能电池（PSC）由于其优异的性能在过去几年成为光伏领域广泛讨论的话题。本研究介绍了有机-无机混合钙钛矿太阳能电池 (PSC) 中浓度为 1% 的铝掺杂 ZnO (AZO) 作为电子传输层 (ETL) 的生产、表征和模拟。我们使用溶胶-凝胶浸涂法实验制作了 AZO 薄膜。我们使用 X 射线衍射 (XRD)、拉曼光谱、扫描电子显微镜 (SEM)、能量色散 X 射线分析 (EDX) 进一步检查了所得薄膜的结构、形态和光学特性，用于太阳能电池 (SC) ）和紫外可见光谱。此外，这项工作提出了一种由模拟引导的优化过程，使用 SCAPS 1D 软件在太阳能电池中分别使用 CNT、CHNHPbI 和 AZO 作为空穴传输层 (HTL)、吸收层和 ETL 来产生高性能。我们仔细研究了几个参数的影响，包括层厚度、温度、吸收层的缺陷密度、AZO和钙钛矿以及钙钛矿和CNT之间界面的缺陷密度，以及串联和并联电阻（R和R）。本文设计了 ITO/AZO/MAPbI/CNTs/Au 的优化 PSC，效率为 25.62%，开路电压 (V) 为 1.3955 V，填充因子 (FF) 为 72.32%，电流密度 (J) 为25.382毫安/厘米。我们的研究结果表明使用所提出的模型具有显着的效率；尽管如此，作为研究人员，我们仍然需要模拟和进行实验来提高电池的效率，以便将其用于太阳能电池（SC）。