Excess capacity poses a persistent challenge for airports as they often encounter lumpy capacity problems. The excess capacity is primarily influenced by factors such as uncertain demand, airline competition, airport pricing strategies, and the market structure of the airport industry. However, airport business practices also account for this issue. Using data from 59 U.S. airports between 2009 and 2019, we found that residual airports have less unused capacity than compensatory airports. This can be explained by the control of signatory airlines over the residual airports’ investment decisions and the lack of retained earnings under the residual agreement. We did not detect a significant difference in excess capacity between single-purpose and multipurpose governance forms. However, it is noteworthy that large hub airports exhibit higher capacity utilization compared to medium hub airports. Airports dominated by LCCs have higher capacity utilization rates, while the unused capacity remains consistent between cargo and non-cargo airports.

中文翻译：

---

机场业务实践和治理形式对产能过剩的影响

容量过剩给机场带来了持续的挑战，因为它们经常遇到容量不稳定的问题。运力过剩主要受需求不确定性、航空公司竞争、机场定价策略、机场业市场结构等因素影响。然而，机场的商业惯例也解释了这个问题。使用 2009 年至 2019 年间美国 59 个机场的数据，我们发现剩余机场的未使用容量少于补偿机场。这可以通过签署航空公司对剩余机场投资决策的控制以及剩余协议下缺乏留存收益来解释。我们没有发现单一目的和多目的治理形式之间的过剩产能存在显着差异。然而，值得注意的是，与中型枢纽机场相比，大型枢纽机场的容量利用率更高。以低成本航空公司为主的机场容量利用率较高，而货运机场和非货运机场的未使用容量保持一致。