This paper uses longitudinal establishment‐level data to trace the rise of the factory during Sweden's industrialization between 1864 and 1890. We document a sharp shift from the small artisan shop to the mechanized factory, which can largely be ascribed to differences in survival. Whilst non‐mechanized establishments could compete with the factory during early industrialization, a distinct survival advantage of the factory appeared at later stages of industrialization. The evolving advantage of the factory can mainly be attributed to its larger scale, labour productivity, and technology use. By the end of the nineteenth century, these factors became increasingly important determinants of firm survival.

中文翻译：

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企业生存与工厂崛起

本文使用纵向机构层面的数据来追踪 1864 年至 1890 年间瑞典工业化期间工厂的兴起。我们记录了从小工匠作坊到机械化工厂的急剧转变，这在很大程度上可以归因于生存差异。虽然非机械化企业在工业化早期可以与工厂竞争，但在工业化后期，工厂却出现了明显的生存优势。工厂不断发展的优势主要归因于其较大的规模、劳动生产率和技术使用。到十九世纪末，这些因素成为企业生存的越来越重要的决定因素。