Per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic synthetic chemicals of concern, which have been detected in nearly all environmental compartments. The present study provides a data analysis on PFAS concentrations in the Dutch inland and coastal national waters and fish sampled from 2008 to 2022 and 2015 to 2022, respectively. Although the fish database is relatively small, the water database is unique because of its temporal dimension. It appears that PFAS are omnipresent in Dutch water and fish, with relatively small spatial differences in absolute and relative concentrations (fingerprints) and few obvious temporal trends. Only perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) aqueous concentrations in the rivers Rhine and Scheldt have substantially decreased since 2012. Still, PFOS concentrations exceed the European water quality standards at all and fish standards at many locations. Masses of PFAS entering the country and the North Sea are roughly 3.5 tonnes/year. Generally, the data suggest that most PFAS enter the Dutch aquatic environment predominantly through diffuse sources, yet several major point sources of specific PFAS were identified using fingerprints and monthly concentration profiles as identification tools. Finally, combining concentrations in fish and water, 265 bioaccumulation factors were derived, showing no statistically significant differences between freshwater and marine fish. Overall, the analysis provides new insights into PFAS bioaccumulation and spatiotemporal trends, mass discharges, and sources in The Netherlands. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;00:1–11. © 2024 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.

中文翻译：

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荷兰水（2008-2022）和鱼（2015-2022）中的全氟烷基和多氟烷基物质：时空趋势、指纹、大量排放、来源和生物累积因素

全氟烷基物质和多氟烷基物质 (PFAS) 是令人关注的持久性、生物累积性和有毒合成化学品，几乎在所有环境分区中都检测到了它们。本研究对分别于 2008 年至 2022 年和 2015 年至 2022 年荷兰内陆和沿海国家水域和鱼类采样的 PFAS 浓度进行了数据分析。尽管鱼类数据库相对较小，但水数据库因其时间维度而具有独特性。 PFAS 在荷兰的水和鱼类中似乎无处不在，绝对和相对浓度（指纹）的空间差异相对较小，并且几乎没有明显的时间趋势。自 2012 年以来，莱茵河和斯海尔德河中只有全氟辛酸和全氟辛烷磺酸 (PFOS) 水体浓度大幅下降。尽管如此，PFOS 浓度仍然超过了欧洲水质标准，并且在许多地方超过了鱼类标准。每年进入该国和北海的 PFAS 量约为 3.5 吨。一般来说，数据表明，大多数 PFAS 主要通过扩散源进入荷兰水生环境，但使用指纹和每月浓度概况作为识别工具，识别了特定 PFAS 的几个主要点源。最后，结合鱼和水中的浓度，得出 265 个生物累积因子，显示淡水鱼和海水鱼之间没有统计学上的显着差异。总体而言，该分析为荷兰的 PFAS 生物累积和时空趋势、大规模排放和来源提供了新的见解。环境毒理化学2024；00：1–11。 © 2024 作者。环境毒理学和化学由 Wiley periodicals LLC 代表 SETAC 出版。