Over the past decade, bone tissue engineering has been at the core of attention because of an increasing number of implant surgeries. The purpose of this study was to obtain coatings on titanium (Ti) implants with improved properties in terms of biomedical applications and to investigate the effect of ultrasound (US) on these properties during the micro-arc oxidation (MAO) process. The influence of various process parameters, such as time and current density, as well as US mode, on the properties of such coatings was evaluated. Novel porous calcium-phosphate-based coatings were obtained on commercially pure Ti. Their microstructure, chemical composition, topography, wettability, nanomechanical properties, thickness, adhesion to the substrate, and corrosion resistance were analyzed. In addition, cytocompatibility evaluation was checked with the human osteoblasts. The properties of the coatings varied significantly, depending on applied process parameters. The US application during the MAO process contributes to the increase of coating thickness, porosity, roughness, and skewness, as well as augmented calcium incorporation. The most advantageous coating was obtained at a current of 136 mA, time 450 s, and unipolar rectangular US, as it exhibits high porosity, adequate wettability, and beneficial skewness, which enabled increased adhesion and proliferation of osteoblasts during in vitro studies. Finally, the conducted research demonstrated the influence of various UMAO process parameters, which allowed for the selection of appropriate Ti implant modification for specific biomedical utilization.

中文翻译：

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超声波对生物医学工程微弧氧化工艺生成的CaP涂层特性的影响

在过去的十年中，由于种植手术数量的不断增加，骨组织工程一直是人们关注的焦点。本研究的目的是在生物医学应用方面获得具有改进性能的钛 (Ti) 植入物涂层，并研究微弧氧化 (MAO) 过程中超声波 (US) 对这些性能的影响。评估了各种工艺参数（例如时间和电流密度以及 US 模式）对此类涂层性能的影响。在商业纯钛上获得了新型多孔磷酸钙基涂层。分析了它们的微观结构、化学成分、形貌、润湿性、纳米力学性能、厚度、对基材的附着力和耐腐蚀性。此外，还用人成骨细胞检查了细胞相容性评估。涂层的性能差异很大，具体取决于所应用的工艺参数。 MAO 工艺中的美国应用有助于增加涂层厚度、孔隙率、粗糙度和偏斜度，以及增强钙的掺入。最有利的涂层是在电流 136 mA、时间 450 s 和单极矩形 US 下获得的，因为它表现出高孔隙率、足够的润湿性和有益的偏度，这使得在体外研究期间能够增加成骨细胞的粘附和增殖。最后，所进行的研究证明了各种 UMAO 工艺参数的影响，从而可以为特定的生物医学用途选择适当的钛种植体改性。