BackgroundThe general factor of psychopathology, often denoted as p, captures the common variance among a broad range of psychiatric symptoms. Specific factors are co‐modeled based on subsets of closely related symptoms. This paper investigated the extent to which wide‐ranging genetic, personal, and environmental etiologically relevant variables are associated with p and specific psychopathology factors.MethodsUsing data from four waves (ages 11–19) of TRAILS, we modeled a bifactor model of p and four specific factors [internalizing, externalizing, ADHD, Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)]. Next, we examined the associations of 19 etiologically relevant variables with these psychology factors using path models that organized the variables according to the distal‐to‐proximal risk principle.ResultsCollectively, the etiologically relevant factors, including temperament traits, accounted for 55% of p's variance, 46% in ADHD, 35% in externalizing, 19% in internalizing, and 7% in ASD. The low 7% is due to insufficient unique variance in ASD indicators that load more strongly on p. Excluding temperament, variables accounted for 29% variance in p, 9% ADHD, 14% EXT, 7% INT, and 4% ASD. Most etiologically relevant factors were generic, predicting p. In addition, we identified effects on specific factors in addition to effects on p (e.g., parental SES, executive functioning); only effects on specific factors (e.g., parental rejection); opposite effects on different factors [e.g., diurnal cortisol (high INT but low EXT, p); developmental delay (high ASD and p but low EXT)]. Frustration, family functioning, parental psychopathology, executive functioning, and fearfulness had strong effects on p.Conclusions(1) Strong generic effects on p suggest that etiologically relevant factors and psychopathology tend to cluster in persons. (2) While many factors predict p, additional as well as opposite effects on specific factors indicate the relevance of specific psychopathology factors in understanding mental disorder. (3) High frustration, neurodevelopmental problems, and a disadvantaged family environment primarily characterize p.

中文翻译：

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与精神病理学的一般（p）和特定因素相关的远端到近端病因学相关变量

背景精神病理学的一般因素，通常表示为p，捕捉了广泛的精神症状之间的共同差异。根据密切相关症状的子集对特定因素进行联合建模。本文调查了广泛的遗传、个人和环境病因学相关变量与p方法使用 TRAILS 的四波（11-19 岁）的数据，我们建立了一个双因素模型p以及四个特定因素[内化、外化、多动症、自闭症谱系障碍 (ASD)]。接下来，我们使用路径模型检查了 19 个病因相关变量与这些心理因素的关联，该路径模型根据从远端到近端的风险原则组织变量。结果总的来说，包括气质特征在内的病因相关因素占了 55%。p的方差，ADHD 为 46%，外化为 35%，内化为 19%，自闭症谱系障碍为 7%。低 7% 是由于 ASD 指标的独特方差不足，这些指标对p。排除气质因素，变量占 29% 的差异p、9% ADHD、14% EXT、7% INT 和 4% ASD。大多数病因学相关因素是通用的，预测p。此外，除了对特定因素的影响外，我们还确定了对特定因素的影响。p（例如，父母的社会经济地位、执行功能）；仅对特定因素产生影响（例如，父母的拒绝）；对不同因素的相反影响[例如，昼间皮质醇（高INT但低EXT，p）；发育迟缓（高 ASD 和p但 EXT 较低）]。沮丧、家庭功能、父母的精神病理学、执行功能和恐惧对p结论(1) 强烈的一般效应p表明病因学相关因素和精神病理学往往集中在人身上。 (2) 虽然多种因素预测p，对特定因素的额外和相反影响表明特定精神病理学因素在理解精神障碍方面的相关性。 (3) 高度挫败感、神经发育问题和不利的家庭环境是主要特征p。