We aimed to assess levels of depression, anxiety, and resilience factors before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in a school sample of adolescents. We also aimed to examine the compensatory and protective effects of individual, family, and school resilience factors on adolescent mental health. We used fall 2019 and fall 2020 survey responses from a cluster randomized controlled trial implemented in 20 schools in a Midwestern county. The sample consisted of 3,085 responses from students in grades 5 and 6. Multilevel mixed-effects models with cluster robust standard errors were used to investigate the associations between exposure to the COVID-19 pandemic, mental health (anxiety, depression), and resilience factors (future orientation, family engagement, and having a caring school adult). Anxiety, but not depression, was higher in fall 2020 compared to fall 2019. Family engagement increased during the pandemic, while future orientation of the student body was lower during that time and the prevalence of having a caring adult at school was unchanged. A positive future orientation was associated with lower levels of anxiety and depression, while having a caring school adult was associated with lower depression. Adolescents with less positive future orientations, low family engagement, and no caring school adults experienced the greatest increases in anxiety. Positive future orientations, family engagement, and supportive nonparental adult relationships had compensatory and protective effects on adolescent mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Adding these measures to the inventory of modifiable resilience factors during natural disasters may promote healthy adaptation among adolescents.

中文翻译：

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COVID-19 大流行之前和期间的青少年心理健康和复原力

我们的目的是评估学校青少年样本在 COVID-19 大流行之前和期间的抑郁、焦虑和复原力因素的水平。我们还旨在研究个人、家庭和学校弹性因素对青少年心理健康的补偿和保护作用。我们使用了 2019 年秋季和 2020 年秋季在中西部县 20 所学校实施的整群随机对照试验的调查结果。该样本由 5 年级和 6 年级学生的 3,085 份回复组成。使用具有集群稳健标准误的多级混合效应模型来调查接触 COVID-19 大流行、心理健康（焦虑、抑郁）和复原力因素之间的关联（未来定位、家庭参与以及有一个有爱心的学校成年人）。与 2019 年秋季相比，2020 年秋季的焦虑症（而非抑郁症）更高。疫情期间，家庭参与度有所增加，但在此期间，学生群体的未来取向较低，并且学校里有爱心成年人的比例没有变化。积极的未来导向与较低的焦虑和抑郁水平相关，而有一个有爱心的学校成年人则与较低的抑郁水平相关。未来方向不那么积极、家庭参与度较低、学校成年人没有关爱的青少年的焦虑感增加最多。在 COVID-19 大流行期间，积极的未来导向、家庭参与和支持性非父母成人关系对青少年心理健康具有补偿和保护作用。将这些措施添加到自然灾害期间可改变的复原力因素清单中可能会促进青少年的健康适应。