Undocumented immigrants face many barriers in accessing pregnancy care, including language differences, implicit and explicit bias, limited or no insurance coverage, and fear about accessing services. With the national spotlight on maternal health inequities, the current literature on undocumented immigrants during pregnancy requires synthesis. We aimed to describe the literature on pregnancy care utilization, experiences, and outcomes of undocumented individuals in the United States. We performed a scoping review of original research studies in the United States that described the undocumented population specifically and examined pregnancy care utilization, experiences, and outcomes. Studies underwent title, abstract, and full-text review by two investigators. Data were extracted and synthesized using descriptive statistics and content analysis. A total of 5,940 articles were retrieved and 3,949 remained after de-duplication. After two investigators screened and reviewed the articles, 29 studies met inclusion criteria. The definition of undocumented individuals varied widely across studies. Of the 29 articles, 24 showed that undocumented status and anti-immigrant policies and rhetoric are associated with decreased care utilization and worse pregnancy outcomes, while inclusive health care and immigration policies are associated with increased prenatal and postnatal care utilization as well as improved pregnancy outcomes. The small, heterogeneous literature on undocumented immigrants and pregnancy care is fraught with inconsistent definitions, precluding comparisons across studies. Despite areas in need of further research, the signal among published studies is that undocumented individuals experience variable access to pregnancy care, heightened fear and stress regarding their status during pregnancy, and worse outcomes compared with other groups, including documented immigrants.

中文翻译：

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美国无证移民的妊娠护理利用、经历和结果：范围界定审查

无证移民在获得怀孕护理方面面临许多障碍，包括语言差异、隐性和显性偏见、有限或没有保险以及对获得服务的恐惧。随着全国对孕产妇健康不平等问题的关注，当前有关怀孕期间无证移民的文献需要综合。我们的目的是描述有关美国无证个人妊娠护理利用、经历和结果的文献。我们对美国的原始研究进行了范围审查，这些研究具体描述了无证人口，并检查了妊娠护理的利用、经验和结果。研究由两名研究人员对标题、摘要和全文进行审查。使用描述性统计和内容分析来提取和合成数据。共检索到5940篇文章，去重后剩余3949篇。经过两名研究人员筛选和审查文章后，有 29 项研究符合纳入标准。不同研究对无证个人的定义差异很大。在这 29 篇文章中，有 24 篇表明，无证身份以及反移民政策和言论与护理利用率下降和妊娠结局恶化有关，而包容性医疗保健和移民政策则与产前和产后护理利用率增加以及妊娠结局改善有关。关于无证移民和怀孕护理的小型、异构文献充满了不一致的定义，排除了研究之间的比较。尽管需要进一步研究的领域，已发表的研究表明，无证个人获得怀孕护理的机会存在差异，对其怀孕期间的状况更加恐惧和压力，与其他群体（包括有证移民）相比，结果更差。