In the medical field, extracellular vesicles (EVs) are gaining importance as they act as cells mediators. These are phospholipid bilayer vesicles and contain crucial biochemical information about their mother cells being carrier of different biomolecules such as small molecules, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. After release into the extracellular matrix, they enter the systemic circulation and can be found in all human biofluids. Since EVs reflect the state of the cell of origin, there is exponential attention as potential source of new circulating biomarkers for liquid biopsy. The use of EVs in clinical practice faces several challenges that need to be addressed: these include the standardization of lysis protocols, the availability of low-cost reagents and the development of analytical tools capable of detecting biomarkers. The process of lysis is a crucial step that can impact all subsequent analyses, towards the development of novel analytical strategies. To aid researchers to support the evolution of measurement science technology, this tutorial review evaluates and discuss the most commonly protocols used to characterize the contents of EVs, including their advantages and disadvantages in terms of experimental procedures, time and equipment. The purpose of this tutorial review is to offer practical guide to researchers which are intended to develop novel analytical approaches. Some of the most significant applications are considered, highlighting their main characteristics divided per mechanism of action. Finally, comprehensive tables which provide an overview at a glance are provided to readers.

中文翻译：

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从细胞外囊泡中提取信息的综合指南：新颖分析发展的教程回顾

在医学领域，细胞外囊泡 (EV) 由于充当细胞介质而变得越来越重要。这些是磷脂双层囊泡，包含有关其母细胞的重要生化信息，母细胞是不同生物分子（如小分子、蛋白质、脂质和核酸）的载体。释放到细胞外基质后，它们进入体循环并存在于所有人类生物体液中。由于 EV 反映了原始细胞的状态，因此作为液体活检新循环生物标志物的潜在来源受到了指数级关注。 EV 在临床实践中的使用面临着一些需要解决的挑战：其中包括裂解方案的标准化、低成本试剂的可用性以及能够检测生物标志物的分析工具的开发。裂解过程是关键的一步，可以影响所有后续分析，以开发新颖的分析策略。为了帮助研究人员支持测量科学技术的发展，本教程回顾评估并讨论了用于表征电动汽车内容的最常用协议，包括它们在实验程序、时间和设备方面的优点和缺点。本教程回顾的目的是为旨在开发新颖分析方法的研究人员提供实用指南。考虑了一些最重要的应用，突出了它们按作用机制划分的主要特征。最后，向读者提供了全面的表格，让读者一目了然。