The clinical efficacy of current cancer therapies falls short, and there is a pressing demand to integrate new targets with conventional therapies. Autophagy, a highly conserved self-degradation process, has received considerable attention as an emerging therapeutic target for cancer. With the rapid development of nanomedicine, nanomaterials have been widely utilized in cancer therapy due to their unrivaled delivery performance. Hence, considering the potential benefits of integrating autophagy and nanotechnology in cancer therapy, we outline the latest advances in autophagy-based nanotherapeutics. Based on a brief background related to autophagy and nanotherapeutics and their impact on tumor progression, the feasibility of autophagy-based nanotherapeutics for cancer treatment is demonstrated. Further, emerging nanotherapeutics developed to modulate autophagy are reviewed from the perspective of cell signaling pathways, including modulation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, autophagy-related (ATG) and its complex expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitophagy, interference with autophagosome-lysosome fusion, and inhibition of hypoxia-mediated autophagy. In addition, combination therapies in which nano-autophagy modulation is combined with chemotherapy, phototherapy, and immunotherapy are also described. Finally, the prospects and challenges of autophagy-based nanotherapeutics for efficient cancer treatment are envisioned.

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针对自噬调节的纳米疗法可改善癌症治疗

当前癌症疗法的临床疗效不足，迫切需要将新靶点与传统疗法相结合。自噬是一种高度保守的自降解过程，作为新兴的癌症治疗靶点受到了广泛关注。随着纳米医学的快速发展，纳米材料因其无与伦比的递送性能而被广泛应用于癌症治疗。因此，考虑到将自噬和纳米技术整合到癌症治疗中的潜在好处，我们概述了基于自噬的纳米治疗的最新进展。基于与自噬和纳米治疗相关的简要背景及其对肿瘤进展的影响，证明了基于自噬的纳米治疗用于癌症治疗的可行性。此外，从细胞信号通路的角度回顾了新兴的调节自噬的纳米治疗药物，包括哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶点（mTOR）通路的调节、自噬相关（ATG）及其复杂表达、活性氧（ROS）和线粒体自噬，干扰自噬体-溶酶体融合，并抑制缺氧介导的自噬。此外，还描述了纳米自噬调节与化疗、光疗和免疫疗法相结合的联合疗法。最后，展望了基于自噬的纳米疗法有效治疗癌症的前景和挑战。