The catalyst industry generates approximately $20 billion every year globally and plays a major role in the energy production sector. Traditional industrial catalysts (e.g., pellets) typically have mass and heat transfer limitations, and cause a pressure drop in continuous-flow reactors, lowering the efficiency of the catalytic processes. 3D printing technology has evolved rapidly over the past decade, and the 3D printing of catalysts with desired geometries can address many of the above-stated challenges with traditional catalysts. However, challenges remain to be addressed and opportunities remain to be explored before the full potential in the design and 3D printing of novel catalysts can be realized. This article reviews the recent development in the 3D printing of catalysts. It summarizes the 3D printing design, dimension, property, and performance of 3D printed catalysts. The applications of 3D printed catalysts, such as reforming, wastewater treatment, and CO capture and removal, are discussed, with a techno-economic analysis and life cycle analysis. Future research directions and opportunities for 3D printing of catalysts are also highlighted.

中文翻译：

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3D打印催化剂合成

催化剂行业每年在全球产生约 200 亿美元的收入，在能源生产领域发挥着重要作用。传统的工业催化剂（例如颗粒）通常具有质量和传热限制，并导致连续流反应器中的压降，从而降低催化过程的效率。 3D打印技术在过去十年中发展迅速，3D打印具有所需几何形状的催化剂可以解决传统催化剂面临的许多上述挑战。然而，在新型催化剂的设计和 3D 打印的全部潜力得以实现之前，挑战仍有待解决，机遇仍有待探索。本文回顾了催化剂3D打印的最新进展。它总结了 3D 打印催化剂的 3D 打印设计、尺寸、特性和性能。通过技术经济分析和生命周期分析，讨论了 3D 打印催化剂的应用，例如重整、废水处理以及 CO 捕获和去除。还强调了催化剂 3D 打印的未来研究方向和机遇。