Long-term rotary tillage limit water infiltration and crop productivity in North China Plain (NCP). The practice of subsoiling to fracture plow pans has made beneficial impacts on soil surface structure and water infiltration. Further, appropriate irrigation method coupled with irrigation regime can improve crop productivity in subsoiling condition. A three-year field trial (2020–2023) was carried out to assess the effects of the irrigation regime and the method on winter wheat evapotranspiration (ET), grain yield (GY), water productivity (WP), partial factor productivity from applied nitrogen (PPF), and economic analysis. The three irrigation regimes were irrigated when soil moisture levels decreased to 70%, 60% and 50% of the field capacity (referred as H, M and L) and two irrigation methods were the surface drip irrigation (SDI) and the micro-sprinkler irrigation (MSI). The traditional flood irrigation with 70% of the field capacity in subsoiling filed was CK. The results showed optimizing irrigation method and irrigation regime significantly influenced ET, GY, WP, PPF, and net incomes. As the irrigation amount increased, the ET first increased while GY, WP, PPF, and net incomes increased and then slightly decreased. Based on the three-year average, the maximum GY of 9454 kg ha and the net income of 11089 yuan ha was achieved in SDI-M, which had WP of 2.3 kg m and PPF of 39.4 kg kg. At the same time, SDI-M did not result in much increase of ET (average of 405.1 mm in three seasons). Considering comprehensively ET, GY, WP, PPF, and net incomes, to irrigate when soil moisture decreases to 60% of the field capacity by surface drip irrigation was the optimal strategy in all aspects. These results will provide a scientific reference for irrigation management in subsoiling wheat field in NCP, as well as in similar production areas worldwide.

中文翻译：

---

灌溉方式和制度对深松麦田水氮利用效率的影响

长期旋耕限制了华北平原 (NCP) 的水分入渗和作物生产力。深松以破坏犁盘的做法对土壤表面结构和水渗透产生了有益的影响。此外，适当的灌溉方法和灌溉制度可以提高深松条件下的作物生产力。进行了为期三年的田间试验（2020-2023年），以评估灌溉制度和方法对冬小麦蒸散量（ET）、粮食产量（GY）、水分生产率（WP）、施用的部分要素生产力的影响。氮（PPF）和经济分析。三种灌溉方式分别在土壤湿度降至田间持水量的70%、60%和50%（简称H、M和L）时进行灌溉，两种灌溉方式为表面滴灌（SDI）和微喷灌灌溉（MSI）。传统漫灌方式为深松田70%田间持水量的CK。结果表明，优化灌溉方法和灌溉制度显着影响 ET、GY、WP、PPF 和净收入。随着灌水量的增加，ET先增加，GY、WP、PPF和纯收入先增加后略有减少。根据三年平均值，SDI-M 的最高 GY 为 9454 kg·ha，纯收入为 11089 元·ha，WP 为 2.3 kg·m，PPF 为 39.4 kg·kg。同时，SDI-M并没有导致ET增加太多（三个季节平均为405.1毫米）。综合ET、GY、WP、PPF和纯收入等因素，当土壤墒情降至田间持水量的60%时采用地表滴灌进行灌溉是各方面的最优策略。研究结果将为华北地区及世界同类产区深松麦田的灌溉管理提供科学参考。