Cadmium (Cd) contamination poses a significant threat to global agricultural production and hyperaccumulating plant species, such as (L.), face challenges in phytoremediation due to limited biomass production. Application of plant growth regulators such as, folic acid (FA) is a promising strategy to increase biomass production in these plant species. Therefore, a study was conducted to assess the interaction between FA and Cd in the mining ecotype of . The study involved two phases: germination and growth. In the first phase, seeds were exposed to different concentrations of CdCl (i.e. 0, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 µM) in the presence (0, 25, 50 and 100 µM) or absence of FA for ten days. Results showed that FA enhanced seed germination under Cd stress and acted as an antioxidant and stimulated germination and emergence at moderate concentrations. At higher concentrations, it reduced germination percentage. The study also found significant variations (0.05) in growth attributes and Cd uptake in all FA concentrations. Cd was generally higher in shoots than roots, with the highest Cd concentration found in T6 (200 µmol Cd + 50 µmol/L FA) with a 170-fold difference (mean value: 1690 mg/kg) from control (10 mg/kg). Furthermore, an increase in exposure time led to a 2-fold increase in reduced glutathione (GSH) level in leaves at T3 (100 µmol/L Cd + 50 µmol/L FA).Therefore, we concluded that FA is a biostimulant that activates protective mechanism, alleviates oxidative stress and improves Cd uptake and accumulation in hyper-accumulating species.

中文翻译：

---

补充叶酸可改善龙葵采矿生态型的种子发芽、幼苗生长和镉吸收。

镉 (Cd) 污染对全球农业生产构成重大威胁，而超积累植物物种（例如 (L.)）由于生物量生产有限而面临植物修复的挑战。应用叶酸 (FA) 等植物生长调节剂是增加这些植物物种生物量产量的一种有前景的策略。因此，开展了一项研究来评估 FA 和 Cd 在采矿生态型中的相互作用。该研究涉及两个阶段：发芽和生长。在第一阶段，种子在存在（0、25、50 和 100 µM）或不存在 FA 的情况下暴露于不同浓度的 CdCl（即 0、10、25、50、100、200 和 400 µM）中 10 个月。天。结果表明，FA 在镉胁迫下增强种子发芽，并作为抗氧化剂，在中等浓度下刺激发芽和出苗。在较高浓度下，它降低了发芽率。研究还发现所有 FA 浓度下的生长特性和 Cd 吸收存在显着差异 (0.05)。地上部的 Cd 含量通常高于根部，其中 T6 中的 Cd 浓度最高（200 µmol Cd + 50 µmol/L FA），与对照（10 mg/kg）相差 170 倍（平均值：1690 mg/kg） ）。此外，暴露时间的增加导致 T3 叶片中还原型谷胱甘肽 (GSH) 水平增加 2 倍（100 µmol/L Cd + 50 µmol/L FA）。因此，我们得出结论，FA 是一种生物刺激剂，可激活保护机制，减轻氧化应激并提高超积累物种对镉的吸收和积累。