Glioblastoma multiform (GBM) is the most prevalent CNS (central nervous system) tumor in adults, with an average survival length shorter than 2 years and rare metastasis to organs other than CNS. Despite extensive attempts at surgical resecting, the inherently permeable nature of this disease has rendered relapse nearly unavoidable. Thus, immunotherapy is a feasible alternative, as stimulated immune cells can enter into the remote and inaccessible tumor cells. Immunotherapy has revolutionized patient upshots in various malignancies and might introduce different effective ways for GBM patients. Currently, researchers are exploring various immunotherapeutic strategies in patients with GBM to target both the innate and acquired immune responses. These approaches include reprogrammed tumor-associated macrophages, the use of specific antibodies to inhibit tumor progression and metastasis, modifying tumor-associated macrophages with antibodies, vaccines that utilize tumor-specific dendritic cells to activate anti-tumor T cells, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and enhanced T cells that function against tumor cells. Despite these findings, there is still room for improving the response faults of the many currently tested immunotherapies. This study aims to review the currently used immunotherapy approaches with their molecular mechanisms and clinical application in GBM.

多形性胶质母细胞瘤（GBM）是成人中最常见的 CNS（中枢神经系统）肿瘤，平均生存期短于 2 年，且罕见转移至 CNS 以外的器官。尽管进行了广泛的手术切除尝试，但这种疾病固有的渗透性使得复发几乎不可避免。因此，免疫疗法是一种可行的替代方案，因为受刺激的免疫细胞可以进入远处且难以接近的肿瘤细胞。免疫疗法彻底改变了各种恶性肿瘤的患者治疗效果，并可能为 GBM 患者引入不同的有效方法。目前，研究人员正在探索 GBM 患者的各种免疫治疗策略，以针对先天性和获得性免疫反应。这些方法包括重新编程肿瘤相关巨噬细胞、使用特异性抗体抑制肿瘤进展和转移、用抗体修饰肿瘤相关巨噬细胞、利用肿瘤特异性树突状细胞激活抗肿瘤T细胞的疫苗、免疫检查点抑制剂以及增强 T 细胞对抗肿瘤细胞的功能。尽管有这些发现，目前许多测试的免疫疗法的反应缺陷仍有改善的空间。本研究旨在回顾目前使用的免疫治疗方法及其在 GBM 中的分子机制和临床应用。