This paper deals with the symmetries of elementary fermions and their derivation from fundamental physical principles such as the Lorentz invariance and from the spinor-helicity formalism employed to three-vectors. The generators of the Lorentz group are discussed, and the physics of the associated chiral spins is used to establish the chiral symmetry SU(2). The helicity of spin is defined which, when being applied to the hadronic isospin, yields the symmetry group SU(4). The Kronecker product of these two basic symmetries defines a unified symmetry \(SU(2) \otimes SU(4)\) of the basic light fermions, namely the chiral doublets of the single lepton and triple quarks of the first family. Breaking this symmetry, according to mechanisms that are used in the electroweak interactions of the Standard Model (SM) of quantum field theory, yields quantum electrodynamics (QED) with symmetry group U(1), weak interactions with symmetry group SU(2), and what we like to name quantum hadrodynamics (QHD, akin to quantum chromodynamics QCD of the SM) with symmetry group SU(3). The gauge bosons associated with QED and QHD remain massless, but the weak bosons and the V bosons, related to the transformation of the quarks into a lepton and vice versa, become massive by the Higgs mechanism. Their masses are defined by the Higgs vacuum and the two coupling constants involved in the unified model. The V-boson mass is predicted to be 35.4 GeV. Furthermore, a possible explanation of hadron confinement is given in terms of the two hadronic charge operators. Moreover, the concept of hypercharge as used in the SM is not needed. Various versions of the extended Dirac equation that include the above symmetry groups are derived.

本文讨论基本费米子的对称性及其从洛伦兹不变性等基本物理原理和应用于三向量的旋量螺旋形式主义的推导。讨论了洛伦兹群的生成元，并使用相关手性自旋的物理原理来建立手性对称性SU (2)。自旋的螺旋度被定义，当应用于强子同位旋时，产生对称群SU (4)。这两个基本对称性的克罗内克积定义了基本光费米子的统一对称性\(SU(2) \otimes SU(4)\)，即第一族的单轻子和三夸克的手性双峰。根据量子场论标准模型 (SM) 电弱相互作用中使用的机制，打破这种对称性，产生具有对称群U (1) 的量子电动力学 (QED)、与对称群SU (2) 的弱相互作用，我们喜欢将其命名为具有对称群SU (3)的量子氢动力学（QHD，类似于 SM 的量子色动力学 QCD）。与 QED 和 QHD 相关的规范玻色子仍然没有质量，但与夸克到轻子的转变有关的弱玻色子和V玻色子，反之亦然，通过希格斯机制变得有质量。它们的质量由希格斯真空和统一模型中涉及的两个耦合常数定义。 V玻色子的质量预计为 35.4 GeV。此外，根据两个强子电荷算子给出了强子约束的可能解释。此外，不需要SM中使用的超充电概念。推导了包括上述对称群的扩展狄拉克方程的各种版本。