Abstract

Worldwide, interest in mitochondria is constantly growing, as evidenced by scientific statistics, and studies of the functioning of these organelles are becoming more prevalent than studies of other cellular structures. In this analytical review, mitochondria are conditionally placed in a certain cellular center, which is responsible for both energy production and other non-energetic functions, without which the existence of not only the eukaryotic cell itself, but also the entire organism is impossible. Taking into account the high multifunctionality of mitochondria, such a fundamentally new scheme of cell functioning organization, including mitochondrial management of processes that determine cell survival and death, may be justified. Considering that this issue is dedicated to the memory of V. P. Skulachev, who can be called mitocentric, due to the history of his scientific activity almost entirely aimed at studying mitochondria, this work examines those aspects of mitochondrial functioning that were directly or indirectly the focus of attention of this outstanding scientist. We list all possible known mitochondrial functions, including membrane potential generation, synthesis of Fe-S clusters, steroid hormones, heme, fatty acids, and CO₂. Special attention is paid to the participation of mitochondria in the formation and transport of water, as a powerful biochemical cellular and mitochondrial regulator. The history of research on reactive oxygen species that generate mitochondria is subject to significant analysis. In the section “Mitochondria in the center of death”, special emphasis is placed on the analysis of what role and how mitochondria can play and determine the program of death of an organism (phenoptosis) and the contribution made to these studies by V. P. Skulachev.

中文翻译：

---

线粒体中心性

摘要

正如科学统计数据所证明的那样，在世界范围内，人们对线粒体的兴趣不断增长，并且对这些细胞器功能的研究比对其他细胞结构的研究变得更加普遍。在这篇分析综述中，线粒体被有条件地置于某个细胞中心，该中心负责能量产生和其他非能量功能，没有它，不仅真核细胞本身，而且整个生物体的存在都是不可能的。考虑到线粒体的高度多功能性，这种全新的细胞功能组织方案，包括线粒体对决定细胞生存和死亡的过程的管理，可能是合理的。考虑到本期是为了纪念 VP Skulachev，他可以被称为以线粒体为中心，因为他的科学活动的历史几乎完全旨在研究线粒体，这项工作研究了线粒体功能的那些直接或间接关注的方面。引起了这位杰出科学家的关注。我们列出了所有可能的已知线粒体功能，包括膜电位的产生、Fe-S 簇的合成、类固醇激素、血红素、脂肪酸和 CO ₂。特别关注线粒体作为强大的生化细胞和线粒体调节剂参与水的形成和运输。对产生线粒体的活性氧的研究历史进行了重要的分析。在“死亡中心的线粒体”部分，特别强调分析线粒体可以发挥什么作用以及如何发挥作用，并确定生物体的死亡程序（表型凋亡），以及VP Skulachev对这些研究所做的贡献。