The facile fabrication is reported of highly electrochemically active Ti₃C₂Tx MXene/MWCNT (3D/1D)-modified screen-printed carbon electrode (SPE) for the efficient simultaneous electrochemical detection of paracetamol, theophylline, and caffeine in human blood samples. 3D/1D Ti₃C₂Tx MXene/MWCNT nanocomposite was synthesized using microwave irradiation and ultrasonication processes. Then, the Ti₃C₂Tx/MWCNT-modified SPE electrode was fabricated and thoroughly characterized towards its physicochemical and electrochemical properties using XPS, TEM, FESEM, XRD, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and differential pulse voltammetry techniques. As-constructed Ti₃C₂Tx-MWCNT/SPE offers excellent electrochemical sensing performance with good detection limits (0.23, 0.57, and 0.43 µM) and wide linear ranges (1.0 ~ 90.1, 2.0 ~ 62.0, and 2.0–90.9 µM) for paracetamol, caffeine, and theophylline, respectively, in the human samples. Notably, the non-enzymatic electroactive nanocomposite-modified electrode has depicted a semicircle Nyquist plot with low charge transfer resistance (R_ct∼95 Ω), leading to high ionic diffusion and facilitating an excellent electron transfer path. All the above results in efficient stability, reproducibility, repeatability, and sensitivity compared with other reported works, and thus, it claims its practical utilization in realistic clinical applications.

Graphical Abstract

中文翻译：

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高电化学活性 Ti3C2Tx MXene/MWCNT 纳米复合材料，用于同时检测人体血液样本中的扑热息痛、茶碱和咖啡因

据报道，可轻松制造高电化学活性的 Ti ₃ C ₂ Tx MXene/MWCNT (3D/1D) 改性丝网印刷碳电极 (SPE)，用于高效同步电化学检测人体血液样本中的扑热息痛、茶碱和咖啡因。采用微波辐射和超声处理工艺合成了3D/1D Ti ₃ C ₂ Tx MXene/MWCNT 纳米复合材料。然后，制备了Ti ₃ C ₂ Tx/MWCNT修饰的SPE电极，并使用XPS、TEM、FESEM、XRD、电化学阻抗谱、循环伏安法和微分脉冲伏安法对其物理化学和电化学性能进行了彻底表征。 Ti ₃ C ₂ Tx-MWCNT/SPE 具有出色的电化学传感性能，具有良好的检测限（0.23、0.57 和 0.43 µM）和宽线性范围（1.0 ~ 90.1、2.0 ~ 62.0 和 2.0–90.9 µM）。人体样本中分别含有扑热息痛、咖啡因和茶碱。值得注意的是，非酶电活性纳米复合材料修饰电极呈现半圆奈奎斯特图，具有低电荷转移电阻（R _ct ~95 Ω），导致高离子扩散并促进优异的电子转移路径。与其他报道的工作相比，所有上述结果都具有高效的稳定性、重现性、重复性和灵敏度，因此，它声称其在实际临床应用中具有实际用途。

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