5-methylcytosine (5 mC) DNA methylation is a prominent epigenetic modification ubiquitous in the genome. It plays a critical role in the regulation of gene expression, maintenance of genome stability, and disease control. The potential of 5 mC DNA methylation for disease detection, prognostic information, and prediction of response to therapy is enormous. However, the quantification of DNA methylation from clinical samples remains a considerable challenge due to its low abundance (only 1% of total bases). To overcome this challenge, scientists have recently developed various signal amplification strategies to enhance the sensitivity of DNA methylation biosensors. These strategies include isothermal nucleic acid amplification and enzyme-assisted target cycling amplification, among others. This review summarizes the applications, advantages, and limitations of these signal amplification strategies over the past six years (2018–2023). Our goal is to provide new insights into the selection and establishment of DNA methylation analysis. We hope that this review will offer valuable insights to researchers in the field and facilitate further advancements in this area.

中文翻译：

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体外DNA甲基化检测信号放大策略新进展

5-甲基胞嘧啶 (5 mC) DNA 甲基化是基因组中普遍存在的一种重要的表观遗传修饰。它在基因表达调控、基因组稳定性维持和疾病控制中发挥着关键作用。 5 mC DNA 甲基化在疾病检测、预后信息和治疗反应预测方面的潜力是巨大的。然而，由于其丰度较低（仅占总碱基的 1%），临床样本中 DNA 甲基化的定量仍然是一个相当大的挑战。为了克服这一挑战，科学家最近开发了各种信号放大策略来增强 DNA 甲基化生物传感器的灵敏度。这些策略包括等温核酸扩增和酶辅助靶标循环扩增等。本综述总结了过去六年（2018-2023）这些信号放大策略的应用、优点和局限性。我们的目标是为 DNA 甲基化分析的选择和建立提供新的见解。我们希望这篇综述能为该领域的研究人员提供宝贵的见解，并促进该领域的进一步进步。