This paper studies the use of municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash as a supplementary cementitious material in concrete products using an innovative chemical treatment approach. The primary objective is to address emissions associated with waste-to-energy facilities and the heavy reliance on ordinary Portland cement as the primary binder in concrete. The proposed method involves the removal of metallic aluminium from the bottom ash and the subsequent use of the treated bottom ash as a partial cement replacement to produce concrete. Concrete specimens were produced with varying proportions of treated or untreated municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash, replacing 20%, 35%, and 55% of ordinary Portland cement according to EN 197 European standard for common cement. Moreover, class F fly ash was incorporated in equivalent percentages as a reference supplementary cementitious material, and a control mix was prepared using solely Portland cement. The evaluation encompassed multiple visual and analytical techniques, including scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, and setting time analyses on pastes made with Portland cement, fly ash, and bottom ash. All specimens were evaluated in terms of mechanical performance, namely compressive strength. The chemical treatment process facilitated the release of a significant quantity of hydrogen, a by-product of aluminium oxidization. Consequently, this resulted in significantly reduced formation of gas bubbles in concrete in the fresh state and, therefore, diminished expansion during the setting process. As the proportion of cement replacement with bottom ash increased, a decline in strength was observed. However, this decline was less pronounced when using treated bottom ash, particularly with lower levels of incorporation.

中文翻译：

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以城市生活垃圾焚烧炉底灰替代水泥的可持续处理方法

本文研究了利用创新的化学处理方法将城市固体废物焚烧炉底灰用作混凝土产品中的补充胶凝材料。主要目标是解决与垃圾发电设施相关的排放问题，以及对普通波特兰水泥作为混凝土主要粘合剂的严重依赖。所提出的方法包括从底灰中去除金属铝，然后使用处理后的底灰作为部分水泥替代品来生产混凝土。根据 EN 197 欧洲普通水泥标准，用不同比例的经过处理或未经处理的城市固体废物焚烧炉底灰生产混凝土样本，替代 20%、35% 和 55% 的普通波特兰水泥。此外，以当量百分比掺入 F 级粉煤灰作为参考辅助胶凝材料，并仅使用波特兰水泥制备对照混合物。评估涵盖多种视觉和分析技术，包括扫描电子显微镜、X 射线衍射、X 射线荧光以及对波特兰水泥、粉煤灰和底灰制成的浆体的凝固时间分析。所有样品均根据机械性能（即抗压强度）进行评估。化学处理过程促进释放大量氢气，这是铝氧化的副产品。因此，这导致新鲜状态下混凝土中气泡的形成显着减少，从而减少了凝固过程中的膨胀。随着底灰替代水泥比例的增加，观察到强度下降。然而，当使用经过处理的底灰时，这种下降不太明显，特别是掺入量较低时。