Cancer early detection and treatment response prediction continue to pose significant challenges. Cancer liquid biopsies focusing on detecting circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and DNA (ctDNA) have shown enormous potential due to their non-invasive nature and the implications in precision cancer management. Recently, liquid biopsy has been further expanded to profile glycoproteins, which are the products of post-translational modifications of proteins and play key roles in both normal and pathological processes, including cancers. The advancements in chemical and mass spectrometry-based technologies and artificial intelligence-based platforms have enabled extensive studies of cancer and organ-specific changes in glycans and glycoproteins through glycomics and glycoproteomics. Glycoproteomic analysis has emerged as a promising tool for biomarker discovery and development in early detection of cancers and prediction of treatment efficacy including response to immunotherapies. These biomarkers could play a crucial role in aiding in early intervention and personalized therapy decisions. In this review, we summarize the significant advance in cancer glycoproteomic biomarker studies and the promise and challenges in integration into clinical practice to improve cancer patient care.

中文翻译：

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解码糖蛋白组：癌症生物标志物发现的新领域

癌症早期检测和治疗反应预测继续构成重大挑战。专注于检测循环肿瘤细胞 (CTC) 和 DNA (ctDNA) 的癌症液体活检因其非侵入性和对精准癌症管理的影响而显示出巨大的潜力。最近，液体活检已进一步扩展到糖蛋白分析，糖蛋白是蛋白质翻译后修饰的产物，在正常和病理过程（包括癌症）中发挥着关键作用。基于化学和质谱的技术以及基于人工智能的平台的进步使得通过糖组学和糖蛋白质组学对癌症和聚糖和糖蛋白的器官特异性变化进行广泛的研究成为可能。糖蛋白组学分析已成为一种有前途的工具，可用于癌症早期检测和预测治疗效果（包括对免疫疗法的反应）的生物标志物发现和开发。这些生物标志物可以在帮助早期干预和个性化治疗决策方面发挥至关重要的作用。在这篇综述中，我们总结了癌症糖蛋白组生物标志物研究的重大进展，以及融入临床实践以改善癌症患者护理的前景和挑战。