Intelligent micro/nanorobots based on natural materials as biotemplates are considered to be some of the most promising robots in the future in the microscopic field. Due to the advantages of biotemplates such as unique structure, abundant resources, environmental friendliness, easy removal, low price, easy access, and renewability, intelligent micro/nanorobots based on biotemplates can be endowed with both excellent biomaterial activity and unique structural morphology through biotemplates themselves and specific functions through artificial micro/nanotechnology. Thus, intelligent micro/nanorobots show excellent application potential in various fields from biomedical applications to environmental remediation. In this review, we introduce the advantages of using natural biological materials as biotemplates to build intelligent micro/nanorobots, and then, classify the micro/nanorobots according to different types of biotemplates, systematically detail their preparation strategies and summarize their application prospects. Finally, in order to further advance the development of intelligent micro/nanorobots, we discuss the current challenges and future prospects of biotemplates. Intelligent micro/nanorobots based on biotemplates are a perfect combination of natural biotemplates and micro/nanotechnology, which is an important trend for the future development of micro/nanorobots. We hope this review can provide useful references for developing more intelligent, efficient and safe micro/nanorobots in the future.

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基于生物模板的智能微纳米机器人

基于天然材料作为生物模板的智能微纳米机器人被认为是未来微观领域最有前途的机器人之一。由于生物模板具有结构独特、资源丰富、环境友好、易去除、价格低廉、易获取、可再生等优点，基于生物模板的智能微纳米机器人可以通过生物模板赋予其优异的生物材料活性和独特的结构形态。通过人工微/纳米技术实现自身和特定功能。因此，智能微纳米机器人在从生物医学应用到环境修复等各个领域都显示出优异的应用潜力。本文介绍了利用天然生物材料作为生物模板构建智能微纳米机器人的优势，然后根据不同类型的生物模板对微纳米机器人进行了分类，系统地详细介绍了其制备策略并总结了其应用前景。最后，为了进一步推进智能微纳米机器人的发展，我们讨论了生物模板当前的挑战和未来的前景。基于生物模板的智能微纳米机器人是天然生物模板与微纳米技术的完美结合，是未来微纳米机器人发展的重要趋势。我们希望本文的综述能够为未来开发更加智能、高效、安全的微纳米机器人提供有益的参考。