Involuntary celibates, or incels, are part of a growing online subculture. Incels are men who are unable to engage in a sexual relationship with a woman and who experience significant distress and anger as a result. In recent years, high-profile incidents of violence perpetrated by incels or those who share incel ideology have increased research attention. Incels communicate online and share several characteristics with other online extremist groups. While only a fraction of incels engage in such violence, a broader spectrum of violence should be considered, including online harassment or general violence against women. This study sought to examine how ongoing engagement on an online incel forum affects changes in incel comments in terms of expressed anger and sadness and use of incel violent extremist language. We collected comments made on an incel forum over a 3-month period. We then identified prolific users and included their comments in our analysis. To assess how their language changed, we used a text-processing program (LIWC: Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count) to assess the extent to which anger, sadness, and incel violent extremist language were expressed in the comments. Our findings indicated that incels express more anger in their comments than users on other platforms such as Reddit, Facebook, and Twitter. However, they did not express greater sadness. Further, we found that incels are already quite angry and sad when they join the forum, and they already use a fair amount of incel vocabulary. Initially, these aspects of their language increase, but they flatten over time. This pattern suggests that introduction to and embracing of incel ideology occurs elsewhere on the Internet, and prior to people joining an incel forum. Implications in terms of prevention of online radicalization and future directions are discussed.

中文翻译：

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愤怒的回声室：对非自愿独身者社区中极端主义和情感语言随时间变化的研究

非自愿独身者或非自愿独身者是日益增长的网络亚文化的一部分。非自愿独身者是指无法与女性发生性关系并因此经历严重痛苦和愤怒的男性。近年来，由非独身者或持有非独身者意识形态的人实施的备受瞩目的暴力事件引起了研究的关注。 Incels 在线交流，并与其他在线极端主义团体有一些共同特征。虽然只有一小部分非自愿独身者参与此类暴力行为，但应考虑更广泛的暴力行为，包括网上骚扰或针对妇女的一般暴力行为。这项研究旨在探讨在线非自愿独身者论坛上的持续参与如何影响非自愿独身者评论在表达愤怒和悲伤以及使用非自愿独身者暴力极端主义语言方面的变化。我们收集了 3 个月内非自愿独身者论坛上的评论。然后，我们确定了高产用户并将他们的评论纳入我们的分析中。为了评估他们的语言如何变化，我们使用文本处理程序（LIWC：语言查询和字数统计）来评估评论中表达愤怒、悲伤和非自愿暴力极端主义语言的程度。我们的研究结果表明，与 Reddit、Facebook 和 Twitter 等其他平台上的用户相比，非自愿独身者在评论中表达了更多的愤怒。不过，他们并没有表现出更大的悲伤。此外，我们发现，非自愿独身者在加入论坛时已经非常愤怒和悲伤，并且他们已经使用了大量的非独身者词汇。最初，他们语言的这些方面会增加，但随着时间的推移，它们会趋于平缓。这种模式表明，对非独身者意识形态的介绍和接受发生在互联网的其他地方，并且发生在人们加入非独身者论坛之前。讨论了防止网络激进化和未来方向的影响。