The oral cavity harbors a diverse and dynamic bacterial biofilm community which is pivotal to oral health maintenance and, if turning dysbiotic, can contribute to various diseases. Glycans as unsurpassed carriers of biological information are participating in underlying processes that shape oral health and disease. Bacterial glycoinfrastructure—encompassing compounds as diverse as glycoproteins, lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), cell wall glycopolymers, and exopolysaccharides—is well known to influence bacterial fitness, with direct effects on bacterial physiology, immunogenicity, lifestyle, and interaction and colonization capabilities. Thus, understanding oral bacterias' glycoinfrastructure and encoded glycolanguage is key to elucidating their pathogenicity mechanisms and developing targeted strategies for therapeutic intervention. Driven by their known immunological role, most research in oral glycobiology has been directed onto LPSs, whereas, recently, glycoproteins have been gaining increased interest. This review draws a multifaceted picture of the glycolanguage, with a focus on glycoproteins, manifested in prominent oral bacteria, such as streptococci, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Fusobacterium nucleatum. We first define the characteristics of the different glycoconjugate classes and then summarize the current status of knowledge of the structural diversity of glycoconjugates produced by oral bacteria, describe governing biosynthetic pathways, and list biological roles of these energetically costly compounds. Additionally, we highlight emerging research on the unraveling impact of oral glycoinfrastructure on dental caries, periodontitis, and systemic conditions. By integrating current knowledge and identifying knowledge gaps, this review underscores the importance of studying the glycolanguage oral bacteria speak to advance our understanding of oral microbiology and develop novel antimicrobials.

中文翻译：

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口腔微生物群的糖语言

口腔拥有多样化且动态的细菌生物膜群落，这对于维持口腔健康至关重要，如果出现菌群失调，可能会导致各种疾病。聚糖作为无与伦比的生物信息载体，正在参与影响口腔健康和疾病的潜在过程。细菌糖基础设施——包括糖蛋白、脂多糖（LPS）、细胞壁糖聚合物和胞外多糖等多种化合物——众所周知会影响细菌的适应性，对细菌的生理学、免疫原性、生活方式以及相互作用和定植能力产生直接影响。因此，了解口腔细菌的糖基础设施和编码的糖语言是阐明其致病机制和制定治疗干预针对性策略的关键。由于其已知的免疫学作用，大多数口腔糖生物学研究都针对脂多糖，而最近，糖蛋白越来越受到人们的关注。这篇综述对糖语言进行了多方面的描述，重点是糖蛋白，它在重要的口腔细菌中表现出来，例如链球菌，牙龈卟啉单胞菌,连翘坦氏菌， 和有核梭杆菌。我们首先定义不同糖复合物类别的特征，然后总结口腔细菌产生的糖复合物结构多样性的知识现状，描述控制生物合成途径，并列出这些能量昂贵的化合物的生物学作用。此外，我们还重点介绍了关于口腔糖基基础设施对龋齿、牙周炎和全身性疾病的影响的新兴研究。通过整合现有知识并确定知识差距，本综述强调了研究口腔细菌糖语言的重要性，以增进我们对口腔微生物学的理解并开发新型抗菌药物。