The influence of effort expenditure on the subjective value in feedback involving material reward has been the focus of previous research. However, little is known about the impact of effort expenditure on subjective value evaluations when feedback involves reward that is produced in the context of social interaction (e.g. self–other agreement). Moreover, how effort expenditure influences confidence (second-order subjective value) in feedback evaluations remains unclear. Using electroencephalography, this study aimed to address these questions. Event-related potentials showed that, after exerting high effort, participants exhibited increased reward positivity difference in response to self–other (dis)agreement feedback. After exerting low effort, participants reported high confidence, and the self–other disagreement feedback evoked a larger P3a. Time–frequency analysis showed that the high-effort task evoked increased frontal midline theta power. In the low (vs. high)-effort task, the frontal midline delta power for self–other disagreement feedback was enhanced. These findings suggest that, at the early feedback evaluation stage, after exerting high effort, individuals exhibit an increased sensitivity of subjective value evaluation in response to self–other agreement feedback. At the later feedback evaluation stage, after completing the low-effort task, the self–other disagreement feedback violates the individuals’high confidence and leads to a metacognitive mismatch.

中文翻译：

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努力支出调节涉及自我-他人一致性的反馈评估：来自大脑电位和神经振荡的证据

努力支出对涉及物质奖励的反馈主观价值的影响一直是以往研究的重点。然而，当反馈涉及社会互动背景下产生的奖励（例如自我-他人一致性）时，人们对努力支出对主观价值评估的影响知之甚少。此外，努力支出如何影响反馈评估的置信度（二阶主观价值）仍不清楚。这项研究旨在利用脑电图来解决这些问题。事件相关电位表明，在付出巨大努力后，参与者对自我与他人（不）同意反馈的反应表现出更大的奖励积极性差异。在付出较低的努力后，参与者报告了高度的自信，并且自我与他人的分歧反馈引发了更大的 P3a。时频分析表明，高强度任务会引起额叶中线θ功率增加。在低（相对于高）努力任务中，自我-他人分歧反馈的额叶中线德尔塔功率得到增强。这些发现表明，在早期反馈评估阶段，在付出巨大努力后，个体对自我-他人一致反馈的主观价值评估表现出更高的敏感性。在后期的反馈评估阶段，完成低努力任务后，自我与他人的分歧反馈违背了个体的高度自信，导致元认知失配。