Incompressible deep wound bleeding is difficult to control and remains a formidable challenge. Here, a water-triggered self-expanding hemostatic sponge (AG/GA-CS) was prepared using agarose (AG) and gallic acid-modified chitosan (GA-CS) via sequential physical mixing, freeze-drying, and a compression fixation process. The prepared AG/GA-CS sponge showed high mechanical performance and can expand rapidly after absorbing liquid, which can provide pressure on the wound to close it and ultimately form a physical hemostatic barrier to promote hemostasis. In addition, it showed good antioxidant performance and effectively inhibited bacterial proliferation. Moreover, the AG/GA-CS sponge can rapidly absorb blood and promote efficient aggregation and activation of negatively charged erythrocytes and platelets on its surface, further significantly improving the blood clotting efficiency. On this basis, in vivo, the hemostatic effect was investigated using three hemorrhage animal models, namely, the mouse liver puncture model, mouse femoral artery hemorrhage model, and rat liver defect model. Results suggested that the prepared AG/GA-CS sponge showed superior hemostatic effects compared with the commercial gelatin sponge. In particular, the total amount of bleeding was sharply reduced by about five times within 5 s in the rat liver defect model. Therefore, the prepared AG/GA-CS sponges showed potential applications in the hemostasis of incompressible wounds.

中文翻译：

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用于不可压缩伤口的水触发自膨胀琼脂糖/壳聚糖没食子酸酯止血海绵

不可压缩的深部伤口出血难以控制，仍然是一个艰巨的挑战。在这里，使用琼脂糖（AG）和没食子酸改性壳聚糖（GA-CS）通过顺序物理混合、冷冻干燥和压缩固定过程制备了水触发自膨胀止血海绵（AG/GA-CS） 。所制备的AG/GA-CS海绵表现出较高的机械性能，吸收液体后能迅速膨胀，为伤口提供压力使其闭合，最终形成物理止血屏障，促进止血。此外，它还表现出良好的抗氧化性能，有效抑制细菌增殖。而且，AG/GA-CS海绵能够快速吸收血液，促进其表面带负电的红细胞和血小板的高效聚集和活化，进一步显着提高凝血效率。在此基础上，采用小鼠肝穿刺模型、小鼠股动脉出血模型和大鼠肝缺损模型三种出血动物模型考察其体内止血效果。结果表明，与市售明胶海绵相比，制备的 AG/GA-CS 海绵具有优异的止血效果。特别是在大鼠肝脏缺损模型中，5秒内出血总量急剧减少约5倍。因此，制备的AG/GA-CS海绵在不可压缩伤口的止血方面显示出潜在的应用前景。