The cell's ability to change shape is a central feature in many cellular processes, including cytokinesis, motility, migration, and tissue formation. The cell constructs a network of contractile proteins underneath the cell membrane to form the cortex, and the reorganization of these components directly contributes to cellular shape changes. The desire to mimic these cell shape changes to aid in the creation of a synthetic cell has been increasing. Therefore, membrane‐based reconstitution experiments have flourished, furthering our understanding of the minimal components the cell uses throughout these processes. Although biochemical approaches increased our understanding of actin, myosin II, and actin‐associated proteins, using membrane‐based reconstituted systems has further expanded our understanding of actin structures and functions because membrane–cortex interactions can be analyzed. In this review, we highlight the recent developments in membrane‐based reconstitution techniques. We examine the current findings on the minimal components needed to recapitulate distinct actin structures and functions and how they relate to the cortex's impact on cellular mechanical properties. We also explore how co‐processing of computational models with wet‐lab experiments enhances our understanding of these properties. Finally, we emphasize the benefits and challenges inherent to membrane‐based, reconstitution assays, ranging from the advantage of precise control over the system to the difficulty of integrating these findings into the complex cellular environment.

中文翻译：

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重建肌动蛋白皮层的好处和挑战

细胞改变形状的能力是许多细胞过程的核心特征，包括胞质分裂、运动、迁移和组织形成。细胞在细胞膜下构建收缩蛋白网络以形成皮质，这些组件的重组直接导致细胞形状的变化。人们越来越渴望模仿这些细胞形状的变化来帮助创建合成细胞。因此，基于膜的重构实验蓬勃发展，进一步加深了我们对细胞在这些过程中使用的最小成分的理解。尽管生化方法增加了我们对肌动蛋白、肌球蛋白 II 和肌动蛋白相关蛋白的理解，但使用基于膜的重构系统进一步扩大了我们对肌动蛋白结构和功能的理解，因为可以分析膜-皮质相互作用。在这篇综述中，我们重点介绍了基于膜的重构技术的最新发展。我们研究了目前关于重现不同肌动蛋白结构和功能所需的最小成分的研究结果，以及它们与皮质对细胞机械特性的影响之间的关系。我们还探讨了计算模型与湿实验室实验的协同处理如何增强我们对这些特性的理解。最后，我们强调基于膜的重构测定固有的好处和挑战，从对系统精确控制的优势到将这些发现整合到复杂的细胞环境中的困难。