Abstract

Previous studies have investigated the major sources and health risks associated with atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOCs). However, the spatial variability of the impact of their emission sources on health risks has rarely been studied. In this study, passive air sampling of VOCs was conducted at 24 sites in Ulsan, the largest industrial city in South Korea. Toluene exhibited the highest time-averaged concentration (6.37 µg/m³), followed by m,p,o-xylenes (4.69 µg/m³), ethyl acetate (3.26 µg/m³), and ethylbenzene (2.70 µg/m³). Higher concentrations of total (Σ₅₉) VOCs and BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and m,p,o-xylenes) were observed near industrial complexes. The mean cumulative (Σ₁₁) cancer risk was 9.1E-6, with the highest contribution from benzene (4.7E-6), while the mean cumulative (Σ₁₇) non-cancer risk was 2.6E-1, primarily driven by naphthalene (1.7E-1), suggesting the importance of carcinogenic VOCs. Five major sources were identified using the positive matrix factorization model, revealing the dominance of industrial activities. Both cancer and non-cancer risks were elevated in the petrochemical industrial complex, which is located close to densely populated areas. Consequently, prioritized management of VOC exposure to workers and residents is necessary for the petrochemical industrial complex and nearby residential areas.

中文翻译：

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韩国蔚山多工业城市挥发性有机化合物的个体来源对其癌症和非癌症风险的贡献

摘要

先前的研究调查了与大气挥发性有机化合物（VOC）相关的主要来源和健康风险。然而，其排放源对健康风险影响的空间变异性却很少被研究。在这项研究中，我们在韩国最大的工业城市蔚山的 24 个地点进行了 VOC 被动空气采样。甲苯表现出最高的时间平均浓度（6.37 µg/m ³），其次是间,对,邻二甲苯（4.69 µg/m ³）、乙酸乙酯（3.26 µg/m ³）和乙苯（2.70 µg/m 3 ）³ ).在工业园区附近观察到总 (Σ ₅₉ ) VOC 和 BTEX（苯、甲苯、乙苯和间、对、邻二甲苯）浓度较高。平均累积 (Σ ₁₁ ) 癌症风险为 9.1E-6，苯 (4.7E-6) 的贡献最高，而平均累积 (Σ ₁₇ ) 非癌症风险为 2.6E-1，主要由萘驱动(1.7E-1)，表明致癌挥发性有机化合物的重要性。使用正矩阵分解模型确定了五个主要来源，揭示了工业活动的主导地位。靠近人口稠密地区的石化工业园区，癌症和非癌症风险均较高。因此，对于石化工业园区和附近的居民区，有必要对工人和居民的VOC暴露进行优先管理。