BackgroundOffspring of parents with bipolar disorder have increased risks of their own psychopathology. However, a large‐scale survey of psychiatric, somatic, and adverse social outcomes up to adulthood, which could aid in prioritizing and tailoring prevention, is lacking. It also remains to clarify how risks are modified by other parental factors.MethodsSwedish population registers were linked to compare offspring having (N = 24,788) and not having (N = 247,880) a parent with bipolar disorder with respect to psychiatric diagnoses and psychotropic medication, birth‐related and somatic conditions, social outcomes, accidents, suicide attempts, and mortality. Individuals were followed until age 18. We estimated the influence of lifetime parental psychiatric comorbidity, bipolar disorder subtype, and sex on outcomes.ResultsChildren of parents with bipolar disorder had 2–3 times higher risks of all psychiatric diagnoses, except for bipolar disorder, for which the risk was 11‐fold. Significantly increased risks were also found for several somatic conditions, low school grades, criminal behavior, victimization, accidents, and suicidal behavior. Adjusting for lifetime parental psychiatric comorbidity attenuated most associations. Offspring of a parent with bipolar disorder type 2 had statistically significantly higher risks of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, respiratory tract conditions, and accidents compared with offspring of a parent with bipolar disorder type 1. Offspring of mothers with bipolar disorder had higher risks of several psychiatric diagnoses, respiratory tract conditions, low school grades, and accidents compared with offspring of fathers with bipolar disorder. Having two parents with bipolar disorder entailed the highest risks of psychiatric outcomes in offspring.ConclusionsEarly intervention and family support are particularly warranted for the offspring of a parent with bipolar disorder in the presence of lifetime parental psychiatric comorbidity, when the parent has bipolar disorder type 2, or when the mother or both parents have bipolar disorder.

中文翻译：

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双相情感障碍父母的后代的童年和青春期结局：父母终生合并症、父母性别和双相亚型的影响

背景 患有双相情感障碍的父母的后代其自身精神病理学的风险增加。然而，目前还缺乏对成年期之前的精神、躯体和不良社会后果的大规模调查，这有助于确定预防的优先顺序和调整预防措施。还有待澄清其他父母因素如何改变风险。方法将瑞典人口登记册与具有以下特征的后代进行比较：氮= 24,788) 并且没有 (氮= 247,880) 患有双相情感障碍的父母，涉及精神病诊断和精神药物、出生相关和躯体状况、社会结果、事故、自杀企图和死亡率。对个体进行随访直至 18 岁。我们评估了父母终生精神共存疾病、双相情感障碍亚型和性别对结果的影响。结果父母患有双相情感障碍的孩子，除双相情感障碍外，所有精神疾病诊断的风险均高出 2-3 倍。风险是原来的11倍。还发现一些躯体疾病、低学业成绩、犯罪行为、受害、事故和自杀行为的风险显着增加。对父母一生的精神共病进行调整后，大多数关联都减弱了。与双相情感障碍 1 型父母的后代相比，双相情感障碍 2 型父母的后代患注意力缺陷多动障碍、呼吸道疾病和事故的风险显着更高。患有双相情感障碍的母亲的后代患多种精神疾病的风险更高。与患有双相情感障碍的父亲的后代相比，他们的诊断、呼吸道疾病、低学业成绩和事故发生率更高。父母均患有双相情感障碍，后代出现精神疾病的风险最高。结论：当父母患有 2 型双相情感障碍时，如果父母终生患有双相情感障碍，且父母患有双相情感障碍，其后代尤其需要早期干预和家庭支持。 ，或者当母亲或父母双方患有双相情感障碍时。