When treating orthopaedic damage or illness and accidental fracture, bone grafting remains the gold standard of treatment. In cases where this approach doesn't seem achievable, bone tissue engineering can offer scaffolding as a substitute. Defective and fractured bone tissue is extracted and substituted with porous scaffold structures to aid in the process of tissue regeneration. Three-dimensional bioprinting has demonstrated enormous promise in recent years for producing scaffold structures with the necessary capabilities. In order to create composite biomaterial inks for three-dimensional bioprinting, four different materials were combined such as silk fibroin, bone particles (B), synthetic biopolymer poly (ε-caprolactone), and Fenugreek (F). These biomaterials were mixed together in certain proportion to develop a silk fibroin + bovine bone + polycaprolactone + fenugreek powder composites biomaterial which was later three-dimensional bioprinted to fabricated composite bio-scaffold. The biomechanical, structural, and biological elements of the manufactured composite scaffolds were characterized in order to determine their suitability as a possible biomaterial for the production of bone tissue. The in vitro bioactivity of the composite scaffolds was assessed in the simulated body fluids, and the swelling and degradation characteristics of the two developed scaffolds were analyzed separately over time. The results showed that the mechanical durability of the composite scaffolds was enhanced by the bovine bone particles, up to a specific concentration in the silk fibroin matrix. Furthermore, the incorporation of bone particles improved the bioactive composite scaffolds’ capacity to generate hydroxyapatite in vitro. The combined findings show that the three-dimensional printed bio-composites scaffolds have the required mechanical strength and may be applied to regeneration of bone tissue and restoration, since they resemble the characteristics of native bone.

中文翻译：

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三维打印丝素蛋白和胡芦巴基生物复合材料支架

在治疗骨科损伤或疾病以及意外骨折时，骨移植仍然是治疗的黄金标准。如果这种方法似乎无法实现，骨组织工程可以提供支架作为替代品。有缺陷和骨折的骨组织被提取并用多孔支架结构代替，以帮助组织再生过程。近年来，三维生物打印在生产具有必要功能的支架结构方面展现出了巨大的前景。为了创建用于三维生物打印的复合生物材料墨水，将四种不同的材料组合在一起，例如丝素蛋白、骨颗粒（B）、合成生物聚合物聚（ε-己内酯）和胡芦巴（F）。将这些生物材料按一定比例混合在一起，开发出丝素蛋白+牛骨+聚己内酯+胡芦巴粉复合生物材料，然后通过三维生物打印制备复合生物支架。对所制造的复合支架的生物力学、结构和生物元件进行了表征，以确定它们作为用于生产骨组织的可能生物材料的适用性。在模拟体液中评估复合支架的体外生物活性，并分别分析两种开发的支架随时间的膨胀和降解特性。结果表明，牛骨颗粒在丝素蛋白基质中达到特定浓度后，复合支架的机械耐久性得到增强。此外，骨颗粒的掺入提高了生物活性复合支架在体外生成羟基磷灰石的能力。综合研究结果表明，三维打印的生物复合材料支架具有所需的机械强度，并且可应用于骨组织的再生和修复，因为它们类似于天然骨的特征。