This work presents the wall-modeled large eddy simulation (WMLES) in the immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann method (IB-LBM). Here, the wall model with both diffusive- and sharp-interface immersed boundary methods (IBMs) is incorporated into the IB-LBM to handle the turbulent boundary layer in high Reynolds number turbulent flows. To maintain the numerical stability, two collision models, i.e., multiple-relaxation-time (MRT) and recursive regularized (RR), are implemented. The performance of these models in the WMLES is examined and compared in the simulation of internal and external flows by considering four benchmarks, i.e., turbulent flow in a channel, flow around a hull of submarine, flow around an Ahmed car model, and flow around a circular cylinder. It is found that a diffusive-interface IBM with wall model is capable to achieve excellent results for the simulation of external flows around bluff objects but fails in the simulation of internal flows of underestimating the wall shear stress due to its extra dissipation. The sharp-interface IBM with the wall model predicts the internal flow very well but fails in some simulations of external flow around bluff bodies due to the failure in the separation flow modeling. It is also found that the MRT-LBM is less dissipative than the RR-LBM, but it generates spurious nonphysical noise in the turbulent flows and tends to be unstable at high Reynolds numbers. Therefore, the diffusive-interface IBM with the wall model is more suitable for the external turbulent flow modeling, while its sharp-interface counterpart is more suitable for the internal turbulent flow modeling. The RR-LBM outperforms the MRT-LBM for the better stability and less nonphysical noise.

中文翻译：

---

浸入边界格子玻尔兹曼方法中的壁模型大涡模拟

这项工作提出了浸没边界格子玻尔兹曼方法 (IB-LBM) 中的壁模型大涡模拟 (WMLES)。在这里，具有扩散和尖锐界面浸入边界方法 (IBM) 的壁模型被纳入 IB-LBM 中，以处理高雷诺数湍流中的湍流边界层。为了保持数值稳定性，采用了两种碰撞模型，即多重松弛时间（MRT）和递归正则化（RR）。通过考虑四个基准，即通道中的湍流、潜艇船体周围的流动、艾哈迈德汽车模型周围的流动和汽车周围的流动，对 WMLES 中的这些模型的性能进行了内部和外部流动模拟的检查和比较。一个圆柱体。研究发现，带有壁面模型的扩散界面IBM能够在模拟陡峭物体周围的外部流动时取得优异的结果，但在模拟内部流动时却失败，因为其额外的耗散而低估了壁面剪应力。具有壁模型的尖锐界面 IBM 可以很好地预测内部流动，但由于分离流建模的失败，在一些阻流体周围的外部流动模拟中失败。研究还发现，MRT-LBM 的耗散性比 RR-LBM 低，但它会在湍流中产生虚假的非物理噪声，并且在高雷诺数下往往不稳定。因此，带有壁面模型的扩散界面 IBM 更适合于外部湍流建模，而其尖锐界面模型则更适合于内部湍流建模。 RR-LBM 优于 MRT-LBM，具有更好的稳定性和更少的非物理噪声。