In 1951, Harold Lasswell defined the ability to clarify value goals as integral to a policy analyst’s job. But graduate education in public policy analysis has paid insufficient attention to the skills needed to investigate and clarify value disputes. In turn, practicing policy analysts don’t have ready access to a set of methods for normative analysis that serves Lasswell’s vision of a contextualized, holistic, and interdisciplinary policy science. I start by describing calls for more emphasis on social equity in policy analysis and explore the complementary relationship of empirical, fact-based analysis and normative, value-driven analysis. I then propose seven competencies that policy analysts should be expected to master. They need to understand how normative issues arise in and adjacent to the classical model of policy analysis. They need to master a vocabulary for normative analysis and understand how humans make moral judgments, recognizing the distinction between moral rationalism and moral intuitionism. To engage in moral rationalism, practitioners need to be able to use the tools of analytic political philosophy. When it comes to moral intuitionism, they need to recognize the emotion-driven foundations of moral judgement and personal values. Finally, policy analysts also need to know where to find the values that are relevant to their analysis. Mastery of these competencies will allow analysts to better serve what Laswell describes as the intelligence needs of policymakers.

1951 年，哈罗德·拉斯韦尔 (Harold Lasswell) 将阐明价值目标的能力定义为政策分析师工作不可或缺的一部分。但公共政策分析的研究生教育对调查和澄清价值争议所需的技能关注不够。反过来，实践中的政策分析师也无法立即获得一套规范分析方法，而这些方法无法满足拉斯韦尔的情境化、整体性和跨学科政策科学的愿景。我首先描述了在政策分析中更加强调社会公平的呼吁，并探讨了实证、基于事实的分析与规范、价值驱动的分析之间的互补关系。然后我提出政策分析师应该掌握的七项能力。他们需要了解规范性问题是如何在经典政策分析模型中出现并与之相关的。他们需要掌握规范分析的词汇，理解人类如何做出道德判断，认识道德理性主义和道德直觉主义之间的区别。为了从事道德理性主义，实践者需要能够使用分析政治哲学的工具。当谈到道德直觉主义时，他们需要认识到道德判断和个人价值观的情感驱动基础。最后，政策分析师还需要知道在哪里可以找到与其分析相关的值。掌握这些能力将使分析师能够更好地满足拉斯韦尔所说的政策制定者的情报需求。