An emerging consensus regarding the triangle relationship between tumor, immune cells, and microbiomes is the immune-oncology-microbiome (IOM) axis, which stipulates that microbiomes can act as a discrete enabling (or disabling) characteristic that broadly influence the acquisition of certain hallmarks of cancer, i.e., a set of functional capabilities acquired by human cells during carcinogenesis and progression to malignant tumors. Specifically, it has been postulated that polymorphic microbiomes can either induce or inhibit some of the hallmark capacities (particularly, immune evasions) via their intersecting with two other enabling characteristics (genome instability and mutation, and tumor promoting inflammation). The net effects of the microbiomes can be either protective or deleterious effects on cancer development, malignant progression, and therapy responses. Nevertheless, there is not yet a mechanistic interpretation for IOM, especially regarding intratumoral microbiomes. Here, we propose to interpret the observed relationships, in which microbiomes can be complicit, bystanders, or in rare cases, oncomicrobes or foes, to either cancer cells or immune cells, possibly depend on specific microbial taxon, with the AKP (Anna Karenina principle)--that all heathy tissue microbiomes should be similar, and tumor microbiomes should be dissimilar with each other, in analogy with Leo Tolstoy's aphorism that "all happy families look alike; each unhappy family is unhappy in its own way." Given potentially double-sword nature of microbes, both AKP and anti-AKP should exist in the IOM axis. We test the AKP with microbiome datasets of 20+ cancer types from the TCGA database and find that the ratio of AKP/anti-AKP is about 3:1.

中文翻译：

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免疫肿瘤学微生物组轴可能导致肿瘤内微生物组中的 AKP 或抗 AKP 效应

关于肿瘤、免疫细胞和微生物组之间三角关系的一个新兴共识是免疫-肿瘤学-微生物组 (IOM) 轴，它规定微生物组可以充当离散的启用（或禁用）特征，广泛影响某些标志的获得癌症的特征，即人类细胞在癌发生和进展为恶性肿瘤期间获得的一组功能能力。具体来说，据推测，多态性微生物组可以通过与其他两个特征（基因组不稳定性和突变以及肿瘤促进炎症）的交叉来诱导或抑制一些标志性能力（特别是免疫逃避）。微生物组的净效应可能对癌症发展、恶性进展和治疗反应产生保护性或有害影响。然而，IOM 尚无机制解释，尤其是在瘤内微生物组方面。在这里，我们建议解释观察到的关系，其中微生物组可能是癌细胞或免疫细胞的同谋、旁观者，或者在极少数情况下，致癌微生物或敌人，可能取决于特定的微生物分类单元，根据 AKP（安娜卡列尼娜原理） ）——所有健康组织微生物组应该相似，而肿瘤微生物组应该彼此不同，类似于列夫·托尔斯泰的格言“所有幸福的家庭看起来都是相似的；每个不幸的家庭都有自己的不幸。”鉴于微生物潜在的双剑性质，AKP 和抗 AKP 应该同时存在于 IOM 轴上。我们使用 TCGA 数据库中 20 多种癌症类型的微生物组数据集测试 AKP，发现 AKP/抗 AKP 的比例约为 3:1。