Many communities around the world face a pressing need to increase coastal resilience due to widespread coastal erosion and rising sea levels. Natural habitats such as mangrove forests have been increasingly recognised for their ability to protect coastlines through wave attenuation and sediment deposition and stabilisation. However, attempts to rehabilitate mangroves for coastal protection have been met with difficulties due to smaller windows of opportunity for seedling survival at sites experiencing high wave energy and erosion. In this study, we planted the mangrove in planting pods ( = 348) deployed on an eroding shoreline in Singapore and compared survival to those planted in control plots. Several ecological factors that might influence survival were manipulated, such as life stage during planting, reduction of wrack accumulation, elevation, and post-planting maintenance. We found that mangrove pods significantly increased mangrove seedling survival. Planting older seedlings, reducing wrack accumulation, and deploying the pods at a higher elevation further increased survival. Additionally, pressure gauges deployed showed that the pods were able to attenuate wave energy, thus providing hydrodynamic shelter to mangroves. Hybrid living shorelines have the potential to facilitate mangrove rehabilitation through the alleviation of adverse environmental conditions, but other ecological requirements for mangrove seedling survival will need to be met to optimise rehabilitation efforts.

中文翻译：

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混合生活海岸线内红树林幼苗存活的决定因素

由于广泛的海岸侵蚀和海平面上升，世界各地的许多社区迫切需要提高海岸的恢复能力。红树林等自然栖息地因其通过波浪衰减、沉积物沉积和稳定来保护海岸线的能力而日益受到认可。然而，由于在遭受高波浪能量和侵蚀的地区，幼苗存活的机会较小，因此恢复红树林以保护海岸的尝试遇到了困难。在这项研究中，我们将红树林种植在部署在新加坡侵蚀海岸线上的种植荚 (= 348) 中，并将其存活率与对照地块中种植的红树林进行比较。控制了可能影响生存的几个生态因素，例如种植期间的生命阶段、减少残骸积累、海拔和种植后维护。我们发现红树林豆荚显着提高了红树林幼苗的存活率。种植较老的幼苗，减少残骸积累，并将豆荚部署在更高的海拔，进一步提高了成活率。此外，部署的压力计显示吊舱能够减弱波浪能，从而为红树林提供水动力庇护。混合生活海岸线有潜力通过减轻不利的环境条件来促进红树林的恢复，但需要满足红树林幼苗生存的其他生态要求，以优化恢复工作。